<p>The Perkins Opera House  is a historic theatre in Monticello, Florida. It is located at the corner of Washington Street and Jefferson Street.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Perkins Block was built in 1890 by Monticello businessman John H. Perkins. This building included three first floor bays housing Perkins&#39; mercantile interests - a general store and sewing machine shop, a hardware store and a farm implement supply store. In addition, Perkins built a stable behind the building from which horses, mules and wagons were sold. The second floor of the Perkins Block included a large foyer and an opera house boasting unparalleled acoustics and the largest stage in the region.</p><br>
<p>Perkins had hopes of establishing the opera house as a major theater in the south. For several years, performances included both professional touring groups and local productions. Shortly after the turn of the century, however, the railroads were re-routed, by-passing Monticello. The wealthy patrons who had once wintered in South Georgia and North Florida sought destinations south of Thomasville and Monticello and the opera house faced financial disaster.</p><br>
<p>Unable to attract the once-popular theatre productions, Perkins discontinued live performances. A failed attempt to utilize the building as a movie theater led to the abandonment of the auditorium. Although the downstairs bays saw continuous occupation for a variety of uses, the opera house stood idle and soon fell into disrepair.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, the vision of a handful of interested people saved the opera house, with its falling plaster and leaking roof, from the destruction of the wrecker&#39;s ball. An organization was formed to provide opportunities for young performers and restore the opera house.</p><br>
<p>The Monticello Opera Company was formed in March of that year and performed at the first fund-raising event at the home of Mr. and Mrs. John H. Phipps.</p><br>
<p>The purchase of the Perkins Block was consummated on October 17, 1973. On that date, the Monticello Opera House, Inc. purchased the building with money raised through fund-raising efforts, a grant from the State of Florida and a private donation from Mrs. Dorothy Simpson, who held one-half interest in the building.</p><br>
<p>Maintenance and restoration of the facility continues to this day. In a joint effort with the Florida Department of State, Division of Historic Resources, a restoration project was completed in the area of the original stairway leading to the auditorium balcony. The construction brought the facility into compliance with fire code regulations to allow the lawful use of seating in the balcony. The project was completed with a sensitivity to the original architectural features and makes use of original molding and wainscoting wherever possible. Although the original seating in the balcony remained intact, the seats on the main level of the theater had to be replaced. The current seating was donated by Tallahassee Community College President during the school’s renovation of its theater. Installation of the “new” seats was accomplished entirely with volunteer labor from members of the community.</p><br>
<p>Although the downstairs had been remodeled to accommodate those with disabilities, it was not until May 2004, that the theater became accessible. In 1999 $25,000 was donated in the memory of Dr. Gerald M. Cathey to institute fund raising efforts for installation of an elevator. An additional $25,000 was raised over the course of the next two years through donations from benefactors and production proceeds from the Opera House Stage Company. A $50,000 matching grant from the Department of State, Division of Historical Resources resulted in the hiring of Riley Palmer Construction to complete this long desired renovation.</p><br>
<h2>Present usage</h2><br>
<p>The Monticello Opera House is commonly used for a variety of events including children&#39;s theater, murder mystery dinners and large musicals. There is also a patio and gazebo in the back where weddings and receptions are held.</p><br>
<p>Sgùrr nan Ceathreamhnan is a Scottish mountain that is situated in the remote and lonely mountainous country between Glen Affric and Glen Elchaig, some 30 kilometres east of Kyle of Lochalsh in the Highland region. With a height of 1151 metres  it is ranked as the third highest mountain north of the Great Glen  and is regarded as one of the finest hills in the whole of the United Kingdom. It is different from the other neighbouring Affric Hills, characterised by sweeping flanks and long slender ridges, which emerge from the central summit crest in the manner of the spokes of a wheel.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Sgùrr nan Ceathreamhnan is rated as one of the remotest Munros and a great prize for any hill walker, with E.J. Yeaman in his Handbook of the Scottish Hills regarding Ceathreamhnan as the fourth most difficult Scottish Munro to climb, taking into account its remote position and its altitude. It is a massive mountain which covers 24 square miles (62 square km) and stands many kilometres from the nearest public road, it has a tent like appearance and throws down many long ridges to the valleys. It has five subsidiary “tops”, three of these stand on the northern ridge, they are Stuc Bheag (1075 metres), Stuc Mòr (1041 metres) and Stob Fraoch Choire (918 metres). The Western Top (1143 metres) is also regarded as a "top" as is Stob Coire na Cloiche (915 metres) on the eastern ridge. In addition to this Sgùrr nan Ceathreamhnan has three tops which have been deleted from the list over the years, making a total of eight distinct summits on the mountain in addition to the highest point. Its outlier to the north east, Mullach na Dheiragain, is regarded as a separate Munro.</p><br>
<p>Sgùrr nan Ceathreamhnan’s name looks notoriously difficult to pronounce for non Gaelic speakers and is often facetiously referred to as "Chrysanthemum" by hill walkers who do not know Gaelic. The English translation from the Gaelic name is "Peak of the Quarters" referring to the large amount of land it divides with its ridges. Sgùrr nan Ceathreamhnan’s summit has twin peaks linked by a curving ridge with the western pinnacle lying 500 metres away from the highest point and reaching 1143 metres in height. There is a small amount of scrambling involved in traversing between the two summits.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The ascent of Sgùrr nan Ceathreamhnan is a major undertaking best done during the long hours of summer daylight. The shortest approach is from the Alltbeithe youth hostel in upper Glen Affric at grid reference 3.5 kilometres south of the summit; however, it is a major undertaking just to get to the hostel, with long walks in from Loch Cluanie to the south or from the road end in Glen Affric. It is also possible to start walking from Iron Lodge in Glen Elchaig but a bicycle is needed to travel up the estate road, another approach starts from the car park in Strath Croe. From the Alltbeithe hostel the ascent goes north up a stalkers path to the col between Sgùrr nan Ceathreamhnan and An Socach - the latter a minor Munro which can be easily "bagged" on the way to Ceathreamhnan’s summit with little extra effort. The view from the summit is one of remote mountainous country, although with the help of binoculars it is possible to see Inverness and the Kessock Bridge, over 70 kilometres away to the east.</p><br>
<p>The Thiesen Building, built in 1901, is a historic site in Pensacola, Florida. It is located at 40 South Palafox Street . On December 13, 1979, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Thiesen Building is Pensacola&#39;s first commercial high-rise. At the time of its construction, this five-story building was the tallest building in Pensacola and the first with a modern elevator and steam heat. Built in a Renaissance Revival style, it features terra-cotta ornamentation on the west and south facades.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Thiesen Building</h2><br>
<p>The Thiesen Building was conceived and financed by Pensacola businessman Christen Ustrup Thiesen, designed by the Atlanta architectural firm of Morgan & Dillon, and constructed by Pensacola contractors Wills & Broughton.</p><br>
<p>Christen Thiesens career as a Pensacola businessman had begun through unusual circumstances. Born in Denmark, Thiesen was the navigator of a Danish sailing ship. Thiesen became stranded in Pensacola during the Pensacola yellow fever epidemic of 1882 when his ship left without him. Thiesen, who contracted yellow fever but recovered, found a job tending bar in a saloon. The saloon owner died in the epidemic. In 1884, Thiesen married the saloon owners widow, and thus became the owner of the saloon.</p><br>
<p>The Thiesen Building was considered a risky venture; some Pensacolians called it "Thiesen&#39;s folly". However, it proved to be financially successful, with retail stores on the ground floor and professional offices on the upper floors.</p><br>
<p>By the 1970s, the building had fallen into disrepair and had become vacant. In 1992 businessman Ray Russenberger purchased and renovated the building to provide offices for his paging company Network USA. He restored the exterior to its original 1901 design.</p><br>
<p>The USA Customs House and Post Office, also known as the Escambia County Courthouse, is a historic site in Pensacola, Florida. Built in 1887, it is located at 223 Palafox Place. On July 22, 1997, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Escambia County Courthouse</h2><br>
<p>From 1885 to 1937, the Escambia County Courthouse was a building on the northeast corner of Palafox and Chase streets. In 1937 Escambia County, which needed more space, swapped its location for that of the USA Customs House and Post Office because the Federal Government, which by then had no more use for a customs house, needed a building site for a new USA Post Office and Courthouse. The Federal Government demolished the old county courthouse in 1938 and built its new building there. The county moved into the Blount Building until renovations were done on the old customs house and post office in 1938. The building, which is still called the county courthouse, is now part of the Escambia County Government Center, which includes the M. C. Blanchard Judicial Building, where the courts and clerk&#39;s offices are now located.</p><br>
<p>Replot  is an island in the Kvarken , the narrowest part of the Gulf of Bothnia in the northern part of the Baltic sea. It has about 2,100 inhabitants, almost only Swedish-speaking. The size is about 150 km&sup2;, one of the largest islands of Finland. Replot was an independent municipality until 1973, when it was consolidated to the municipality of Korsholm, near Vaasa.</p><br>
<p>The area has been inhabited since before the time of Swedish dominion over Finland; the first habitations can be traced to at least the 11th century and possibly earlier. Today there are four major communities on the island, Replot kyrkoby, Norra Vallgrund, Södra Vallgrund and Söderudden, most of which are served by their own elementary schools, although some closures have occurred in recent years. Since 1997, Replot has been connected to the mainland via the Replot Bridge, replacing the earlier ferry connection which had been in place since 1952. The bridge is the longest bridge ever built in Finland, with a length of 1,045 m.</p><br>
<p>Replot is part of a larger archipelago and most of the smaller islands around Replot have traditionally been used as fishing camps. Today the buildings are generally used as summer cottages since maritime activities play a large part in the culture of the region.</p><br>
<p>Fishing is nowadays mostly a recreational activity, but there are still a number of professional fishermen active in Replot.</p><br>
<p>North of Replot is the island of Björkö, which formerly belonged to the municipality of Björköby, which is also the name of its main village.</p><br>
<p>A large part of the Replot archipelago has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>Bathampton Down, is a flat limestone plateau in Bathampton overlooking Bath, in Somerset near the River Avon, England.</p><br>
<p>There is evidence of man&#39;s activity at the site since the Mesolithic period including Bathampton Camp, an Iron Age hillfort or stock enclosure. It has also been used for quarrying and is now used for a golf course.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The plateau is formed from the Greater Oolitic Limestone with formations including Forest Marble, Bath Oolite, Twinhoe Beds and Combe Down Oolite. The limestone dates from the Middle Jurassic with deposits of flint quartz and sandstone, mainly preserved in fissures or other cavities dating from the Middle Pleistocene. The limestone is porous which, along with the flat nature of the plateau means there are no streams or rivers, particularly as several cold springs on Bathampton Down were diverted into reservoirs in the late 18th and early 19th centuries having originally flowed down to the River Avon.</p><br>
<p>The southern area merges with Claverton Down and lies above part of the Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines Site of Special Scientific Interest, designated because of the Greater and Lesser Horseshoe bat population. There are small disused quarries which used to obtain Bath stone between the Roman era and the 18th century. Several of these can be seen on the golf course and other have left workings which run under the fairways. The entrance to the Seven Sisters&#39; Quarry was blown up in the 1960s, although the remains of the tramway used to carry stone down to the Canal can still be seen.</p><br>
<p>At the highest point is a Triangulation station at a height of 204 m above sea level, which provides views over the city and surrounding countryside.</p><br>
<p>The northern slopes between Bathampton Down and the River Avon have been built on and are traversed by the A36. To the east is Bathampton Wood separating the plateau from the road, River Avon, Kennet and Avon Canal and the Great Western Main Line. "Bathampton Rocks", an outcrop of rock, was the site of the Bathampton Patrol (Auxiliary Units) Operational Base during the Second World War. To the south and east are Claverton Down and the site of the University of Bath.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Prehistoric</h3><br>
<p>The first evidence of human activity is from the Mesolithic period and consists of a dispersed collection of flint finds, including hammerstones, cores, fragments of axes and arrowheads. The remains of a stone circle were described in the 19th century; however no evidence remains.</p><br>
<p>Four Bronze Age round barrows (tumuli) have been reported. There are also tentative findings of a probable bowl barrow and a</p><br>
<p>possible confluent barrow. In one round barrow a small burial urn was recovered. Many of the barrows were opened by John Skinner in the 18th Century.</p><br>
<p>Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, have been subjects of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze. As a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Oxford archaeologist Barry Cunliffe suggests that population increase still played a role and has stated " provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn&#39;t see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".</p><br>
<p>Bathampton Camp may have been a univallate Iron Age hill fort or stock enclosure. The rectangular enclosure approximately 650 m (east-west) by 500 m (north-south) has been identified, which may be a Medieval earthwork. The eastern side needs no protection, because the ground falls away steeply to the River Avon, 170 m below. There is a single rampart and flat-bottomed ditch on the other three sides (univallate).</p><br>
<p>The site was excavated in 1904-5 and in 1952-4. Human and animal remains were found, also pottery and flint flakes. Small fragments of pottery were found during excavations in the 1960s which have been dated to the Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age. The area is a Scheduled monument.</p><br>
<p>During the Iron Age the area surrounding the camp had a settled agrarian landscape. There is a network of Celtic fields of some 0.4 hectare around the area now covered by the golf course. These are difficult to date but are thought to originate in the Iron Age and may have still been in use into the Roman Empire era. The area to the south east, which is known as Bushey Norwood and includes part of the ramparts and some surviving upright stones, was given to the National Trust by Miss M.E. Mallett in 1960.</p><br>
<h3>Roman</h3><br>
<p>There is some evidence of a small Roman villa, although the area is more noted for funerary activity with two Romano-British stone coffins being found in 1794 and 1824, both containing inhumation remains.</p><br>
<h3>Medieval</h3><br>
<p>For many years it was thought that the earthworks were a part of the Wansdyke, but it is now thought improbable that Wansdyke crossed Bathampton Down. There is stronger evidence of agrarian activity with extant strip lynchets to the west of Bathwick Wood. There are also several pillow mounds, used as artificial rabbit warrens in the area known as Bathampton Warren. These date from 1256 when Henry III gave the right to hunt small game to the Bishop of Bath and Wells.</p><br>
<p>Bathampton Down is one of the sites considered as a possible location for the Battle of Mons Badonicus, the traditional site of legendary King Arthur&#39;s decisive victory over the Saxons.</p><br>
<h3>Modern</h3><br>
<p>Sham Castle, a folly on the western edge of Bathampton Warren, was probably designed around 1755 by Sanderson Miller and was built in 1762 by Richard James, master mason for Ralph Allen, "to improve the prospect" from Ralph Allen&#39;s town house in Bath. It is a Grade II* listed building. It consists of a single screen wall with a central pointed arch, flanked by two 3-storey circular turrets, which extend sideways to a 2-storey square tower at each end of the wall. Sham Castle is illuminated at night.</p><br>
<p>There is a telecommunications mast across the far side of the golf course from Sham Castle.</p><br>
<p>Around 1730, at the North-East corner of Bathampton Camp, a new limestone quarry was opened by Ralph Allen, to provide local cut Bath stone for buildings in Bath. Its use declined by the end of the 18th Century; however between around 1800 and 1895 it reopened to supply stone for the Kennet and Avon Canal, with the stone being lowered down an inclined plane gravity tramway to the water.</p><br>
<p>On the southern slopes sits the American Museum in Britain in Claverton Manor, a house designed by Jeffry Wyattville and built in the 1820s on the site of a manor bought by Ralph Allen in 1758. It is now a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>A drinking water reservoir was constructed on the down in 1955, although the land had originally been purchased by the City Council of Bath in 1928.</p><br>
<p>The area is now part of a golf course behind the University of Bath. Construction of the campus began in 1964, with the first building, now known as "4 South", completed in 1965, and an artificial lake was constructed. Over the subsequent decade, new buildings were added as the campus took shape. The eastern part of the campus is dominated by the "Sports Training Village", built in 1992 and enhanced in 2003 with an extension. A proposal to move the boundary of the "Green Belt" surrounding the town from where it crosses the campus to its edge, to facilitate further development area for the University, was agreed in October 2007, by the local council for Bath and North East Somerset following a public inquiry. Over several years, the Bath University grounds have received recognition for their outstanding beauty with awards from groups like "Bath in Bloom".</p><br>
<p>The Battle of the Tarigo Convoy  was a naval battle of World War II, part of the Battle of the Mediterranean. It was fought on 16 April 1941, between four British and three Italian destroyers, near the Kerkennah Islands off Sfax, in the Tunisian coast. The battle was named after the Italian flagship, the destroyer Luca Tarigo.</p><br>
<p>Control of the sea between Italy and Libya was heavily disputed as both sides sought to safeguard their own convoys while interdicting those of their opponent. Axis convoys to North Africa supplied the German and Italian armies there, and British attacks were based on Malta, itself dependent upon convoys.</p><br>
<h2>The battle</h2><br>
<p>In mid-April, 1941, a five ship Axis convoy sailed from Naples, en route to Tripoli. It consisted of four German troopships (Adana, Arta, Aegina and</p><br>
<p>Iserlohn) and an Italian ammunition ship (Sabaudia). The convoy was escorted by a "Navigatori" class destroyer Luca Tarigo (flagship) and two Folgore class destroyers, Baleno and Lampo, all commanded by Commander Pietro de Cristofaro. The convoy was delayed by bad weather, sailing in the evening of 13 April.</p><br>
<p>The British had been alerted to the convoy&#39;s sailing by intercepted radio messages. On 15 April, a British Maryland reconnaissance plane sighted and shadowed the convoy. Two Italian SM.79s that were ordered to provide air cover did not arrive, due to the continuing bad weather. During the night of 15–16 April, the convoy was intercepted by the British 14th Destroyer Flotilla (HMS Jervis (flagship), HMS Janus, HMS Nubian, and HMS Mohawk, commanded by Captain Philip Mack). At least three of these destroyers were equipped with radar. The encounter took place as the Italian convoy maneuvered around the shallow waters surrounding the Kerkennah Islands.</p><br>
<p>By the use of the radar, the British force ambushed the Axis convoy in the dark. As the convoy passed a buoy marking sandbanks, the British opened fire at 2,000 yd and closed to as near as 50 yd.</p><br>
<h2>Aftermath</h2><br>
<p>The Italian maritime command in Libya immediately organised a rescue operation which involved the destroyers Malocello, Da Noli, Vivaldi, and Dardo, torpedo boats Centauro, Clio, Partenope, Perseus, and Sirtori, seaplane carrier Orlando, hospital ship Arno, and merchant ships Antonietta Lauro and Capacitas. A total of 1,271 survivors were recovered of about 3,000 men on board.</p><br>
<p>During April, May, and June 1941, Italian divers, disguised as local fishermen, retrieved documents and other material from the wreck of Mohawk. In 1998, researchers asserted that documents recovered were essential to the later, successful Italian attack on Alexandria.</p><br>
<p>The destroyer Lampo was salvaged from the shallow water after a four-month effort, and repaired by May 1942. She was sunk again on 30 April 1943. Adana sank several hours after the engagement, while the wreck of Arta was destroyed with explosive charges by the crew of the submarine HMS Upholder on the night of 26 April 1941.</p><br>
<p>Axis casualties are variously reported as 350, 700, or 1,800 men; British losses were 43.</p><br>
<p>Chickies Ridge is a long ridge in West Hempfield Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, terminating at the west end in an outcropping overlooking the Susquehanna River, known as Chickies Rock.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Part of an eastward extension of the Hellam Hills, Chickies Ridge has been separated from them by a water gap cut by the Susquehanna. The ridge is composed of uplifted Cambrian Chickies Formation, which extends several miles east before merging into the surrounding uplands. Chickies Rock, at the west end overlooking the river, is the largest exposed anticline on the East Coast. According to the USGS, the summit of the ridge is 587 feet (179 m) above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Chickies Creek runs along the north side of the ridge towards the western end, while Jones Run runs along the south side towards the western end.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name of the area (called "Chiquesalunga" by the English) comes from the Susquehannock or Conestoga Indian term Kaotschiera, which means "Place-crayfish." The surrounding area, including the large rock wall or promontory that overlooks the Susquehanna River (modern Chickies Rock County Park), between modern Marietta and Columbia, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, was also called Kaotschiera by the native people (or, to the English, "Chiquesalunga"). The word "Conestoga" comes from the native term Ganochsagojatga, which means "roof." As such, it was their word for "town." The Lenapi would later call the area Schahamuis&#39;ing or "Crawfish-place."</p><br>
<p>Chickies Hill Road appears to have been the earliest road over the ridge, switchbacking across the middle and making a steep descent down the northern side on the way from Columbia to Marietta.</p><br>
<p>During the Gettysburg Campaign of the American Civil War, Chickies Rock served as a Union army observation post during the Confederate occupation of Wrightsville across the river.</p><br>
<p>The Columbia and Donegal Electric Railway built tracks up the side of the ridge from Columbia in 1893. The railway climbed for 1,900 ft on a 6% grade, running on the west side of Chickies Hill Road and then curving sharply west to reach Chickies Park. This was an amusement park built by the trolley company on the west end of the ridge, atop Chickies Rock, overlooking the Susquehanna. The line to the park was opened on July 1, 1893. It was then extended down the north side of the ridge, running westward about 0.5 mi, rounding a tight horsehoe curve and turning eastward, to cross Chickies Creek at the base of the ridge and run to Marietta. This extension was opened on December 31, 1893. The trolley line was abandoned on April 25, 1932.</p><br>
<p>Pennsylvania Route 441 once followed Chickies Hill Road, but a later realignment brought it directly through the western part of Chickies Ridge in a deep cut, substantially reducing the climb.</p><br>
<p>The Pennsylvania Canal, the Columbia Branch and then the Atglen and Susquehanna Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad all at different times squeezed between Chickies Rock and the river. All but the last are now abandoned.</p><br>
<p>A variation of Shakespeare&#39;s Romeo and Juliet is told, with an Indian Maiden replacing Juliet and a white settler as Romeo. Eventually, the settler is killed in a war over the maiden, who throws herself off Chickies Rock.</p><br>
<h2>Trails and recreation</h2><br>
<p>Chickies Rock is a popular venue for rock climbing.</p><br>
<h2>Botany</h2><br>
<p>Chickies Rock is a host site for one of the rarest of eastern USA ferns, Bradley&#39;s spleenwort.</p><br>
<p>Saint Paul&#39;s Evangelical Lutheran Church is a congregation of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod  located at the intersection of Barr and Madison Streets in Fort Wayne, Indiana. It belongs to the Indiana District of the LCMS and has a long history. The congregation has existed since 1837. It is the second oldest Lutheran church in Indiana. In 1839, the first small church for this congregation was built at the present location.</p><br>
<p>Ever since this first simple edifice was built, the congregation has maintained a house of worship on this spot, evermore enlarging its facilities to meet the demands of the growing membership. Thus, a second church building was provided in 1847, which building, however, soon became inadequate, making an addition necessary in 1862. Though two daughter congregations branched off to form new parishes during the next two decades, it again became necessary to provide more ample facilities."</p><br>
<p>It was designed by the noted architectural firm of Wing & Mahurin and is a High Victorian Gothic style church built in 1889. On September 15, 1889, a large church was erected. On December 3, 1903, there was a fire that left it in ruins. They began building it back up again, and in April 1905, they had gotten it back to its former glory. During the late 1940s it underwent renovation. Then it had modern improvements and enhancements as time went on. This grand church still exists today, along with the elementary school that accompanies it.</p><br>
<p>The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Ypsilanti Water Tower is a historic water tower in Ypsilanti, Michigan, United States.</p><br>
<p>The tower was designed by William R. Coats and built as part of an elaborate city waterworks project that began in 1889. Located on the highest point in Ypsilanti, the tower was built in 1890 at a cost of $21,435.63. Today the tower is frequently joked about for its phallic shape. It has become a well-known landmark in Ypsilanti, and due to the building&#39;s shape and location, the tower is frequently used by residents as a point for providing directions for visitors and residents.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>An ordinance passed on April 14, 1898, established a yearly rate schedule for residences with running water. Rates were based on the number of faucets in use, the type of business that customers operated and the livestock they owned. A residence with one tap was charged $5.00 and a private bathtub cost an additional $2.00. Saloon keepers paid $7.00 for one faucet, $3.00 for each additional faucet and $1.00 for each billiard table. Each cow a person owned cost $1.00. People who failed to pay their bill were subject to a $50.00 fine and ninety days in the county jail.</p><br>
<p>During the construction, hoping to protect themselves from injury, the builders made at least four crosses in the stonework, one over the west door, an elaborate but difficult to find Greek Cross on the east side and two inside the water tower. It was completed on February 3, 1890, at the cost of $21,368.</p><br>
<p>The structure was the only water tower in the Ypsilanti water system until 1956. The Ypsilanti Community Utilities Authority began operating and maintaining the structure in 1974. That same year the tower was designated by the American Water Works Association as an American Water Landmark. It was also designated a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the Michigan Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers. In 1976 it was restored.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The exterior was designed in the popular Queen Anne style of the period. Queen Anne design was less formal than other popular styles at the time. Instead it experimented with different shapes particularly towers. Queen Anne buildings also often had more decoration than this structure.</p><br>
<p>The stone tower is located at the highest point of elevation of the city on Summit Street. The tower is made of Joliet limestone. The tower is 147 feet tall, has an 85-foot base. The substructure walls taper from a thickness of forty inches at the bottom to 24 inches at the top. The reservoir holds a 250,000-gallon steel tank. When it was constructed it had a dual purpose. Not only did it store water but the falling water also generated electricity for the city street lamps at night.</p><br>
<p>A marble bust of Demetrius Ypsilanti stands between a Greek and a USA flag at the base of the water tower. The city of Ypsilanti is named after this hero of Greek independence.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>The tower has long been a source of humor for comedians in the Ann Arbor–Ypsilanti area, for its decidedly phallic shape—for which its been nicknamed "Poor Richard." (A long-standing urban legend holds that the tower will crumble if a virgin ever graduates from nearby Eastern Michigan University. This is similar to other legends surrounding various landmarks worldwide.) In 2003 Cabinet magazine ranked the tower as the Worlds Most Phallic Building.</p><br>
<p>Wether Hill is a fell in the English Lake District, between Martindale and Haweswater. It lies on the main north-south ridge of the Far Eastern Fells between Loadpot Hill and High Raise. Lesser ridges also radiate out to the east and north-west.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>North of Wether Hill, across a broad depression, is Loadpot Hill, the height of the two being almost equal. Flowing east from this col is Howe Grain, a feeder of Cawdale Beck. This in turn flows through a U-shaped valley and finally – renamed Howes Beck – passes through Bampton to the Lowther.</p><br>
<p>Between Cawdale Beck and the Haweswater catchment further south runs Wether Hill&#39;s three mile eastern ridge. This begins at High Kop on the summit plateau and then narrows to form the subsidiary height of Low Kop (1,876 ft). From here a spur runs north east down The Hause into Cawdale. The east ridge however continues over Bampton Fell to a series of rocky tops above the northern shore of Haweswater. Among these are Four Stones Hill (complete with standing stones), Great and Little Birkhouse Hills and Pinnacle How, before the high ground peters out at Haweswater Beck.</p><br>
<p>South of Wether Hill the main ridge narrows before climbing to Red Crag, an outlier of High Raise. Flowing east from this depression are the feeders of Measand Beck. This runs below Low Kop and Bampton Fell, entering Haweswater halfway along the northern edge. Before the raising of the lake, silt carried down Measand Beck formed The Straits, a narrow waist between the two halves of the original lake. The area was farmed from Measand Beck Hall, now submerged.</p><br>
<p>The western face of Wether Hill falls steeply into Rampsgill, part of the Martindale valley system, with some broadleaved plantations at the base. Partway down the slope is the protuberance of Gowk Hill (1,545 ft). This is a round grassy dome from which a rocky spur descends northwards over Brownthwaite Crag and Steel Knotts. Enclosed between this and Loadpot Hill is the little valley of Fusedale.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The grassy top of Wether Hill has two summits of similar height. The southern is broader, but the northern top bears a cairn and is the traditional summit. High Kop and the start of the east ridge fall from the south summit. The Roman road (High Street), which runs along the north-south ridge, narrowly avoids both tops. There are good views west to the Helvellyn range and a wide vista toward the Pennines in the opposite direction.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Ascents from Martindale can be made via Steel Knotts or Fusedale. From Haweswater (Burnbanks) the approach can be made via Measand Beck or the east ridge. The east ridge can also be gained halfway along via The Hause from Bampton. Wether Hill is often also climbed incidentally from the Roman road while passing along the main ridge from High Raise to Loadpot Hill.</p><br>
<p>The Merkys  is a river in southern Lithuania and northern Belarus. It flows for 13 km through Belarus, 5 km along the Belarusian–Lithuanian border, and 195 km through Lithuania before joining the Nemunas near Merkinė.</p><br>
<p>Merkys is mostly fed by underground streams and therefore is cooler during summers and has smaller fluctuations in water level than other rivers in Lithuania. Near Žagarinė (128 km before its mouth) the Merkys is connected with Lake Papys by a canal. The Vokė originates from this lake and consumes most of the Merkys water. Before the canal average discharge of the Merkys is 3 m3/s and below it only 0.7 m3/s. At the end of the 19th century the drainage basin of the Merkys grew by some 410 km&sup2; as its tributary Ūla River overtook some of the Kotras watershed area.</p><br>
<p>The Merkys is a popular destination among water tourism enthusiasts as part of it belongs to the Dzūkija National Park and it flows into the Neman near the historical site of Merkinė. Archaeological findings show that people inhabited the area as early as the Mesolithic period. The Merkys is known for its diverse fauna, being declared a reservoir for trout in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name of the river, Merkys, originate from merkti, an appellative word in the Lithuanian language meaning to soak.</p><br>
<p>Flagstaff Lake is located in Somerset County and Franklin County, Maine in the United States. The North Branch Dead River and South Branch Dead River join in the lake, forming the Dead River.</p><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s surface area is 20,300 acre, and it has a storage capacity of about 275,482</p><br>
<p>acre-feet. It is extremely shallow (more so during drought years). Its deepest point is 48 ft. Landlocked salmon and brook trout can be caught. Some points on the lake are very marshy and have to be negotiated with a canoe or kayak; even then, wading may be necessary in the marshy areas to get through to the rest of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Bigelow Mountain Range overlooks from the lake&#39;s southern shore, which makes the lake popular for outdoor activities.</p><br>
<h2>Long Falls Dam</h2><br>
<p>Flagstaff Lake was a smaller natural lake when the Long Falls Dam impounded the Dead River in 1950, enlarging the lake and turning it into a reservoir used for hydropower electricity production by regulating the flow of the Dead River into the Kennebec River. At the time, the river drive was still a primary means of delivering timber to the pulp mills downstream. Improved highways and the trucking industry have replaced the river drive.</p><br>
<p>Construction was controversial dating back to 1923, pitting the president of Central Maine Power Company, Walter Wyman, against state legislator and future Maine governor Percival Proctor Baxter. Flagstaff Lake occupies parts of the abandoned and now submerged townships of Flagstaff, Bigelow, Dead River and Carrying Place.</p><br>
<p>The dam is 45 feet high, 1339 feet long at its crest, and consists of a 450-foot concrete spillway, a 125-foot-long concrete section containing five 20-foot-wide Tainter gates, a 70-foot-long concrete section containing two Broome gates, a fishway, and a log sluice, and a 694-foot-long earthen dike. The dam is owned and operated by NextEra Energy, but no electricity is generated here. The dam is operated to regulate and augment flows that are used by eight downstream mainstem Kennebec River hydropower projects, and to control flooding.</p><br>
<h2>1959 Air Accident</h2><br>
<p>A mid-air collision occurred over the lake during a United States Air Force exercise on the evening of 3 November 1959. A Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star simulated an enemy aircraft approaching from the east while ground-controlled interception directed Convair F-102 Delta Daggers of the 37th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron from Burlington International Airport to intercept it. One of the F-102s pressed a simulated firing run too close as the interception occurred over the lake, and the F-102 delta wing cut the tail off the T-33. The T-33 crew ejected successfully, but the rear seat crewman died when he became tangled in his parachute and landed upside down near the front section of the T-33. The front half of the T-33 was discovered in 1959, and the back half was discovered a few years later. The F-102 aircraft was discovered in Flagstaff Lake in 1976, but the pilot was never found.</p><br>
<p>Gambier Island is an island located in Howe Sound near Vancouver, British Columbia. It is about 17,049 acres in size and is located about 10 km north of the Horseshoe Bay community and ferry terminal in westernmost West Vancouver.</p><br>
<p>A rugged and sparsely populated island, it is far quieter than its neighbour Bowen Island, which is popular with day-trippers and summer vacationers. Gambier Island is accessible only by B.C. Ferries passenger service, water taxi or other boats. There is no central road network.</p><br>
<p>The island elects two trustees to the Islands Trust, an organization that unites small island communities in British Columbia to oversee development and land use. Other islands in Howe Sound include Keats Island and Anvil Island.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>There are around 125 long-term residents on Gambier, but the population swells to more than 600 in the summertime due to the islands summer holiday homes. The islands scenic setting and solitude make it popular with artists and writers.</p><br>
<h2>Communities</h2><br>
<p>The main wharf and settlement area is called New Brighton, on the west side of the island. Gambier Harbour, West Bay, lies to the east, with another wharf and boat dock. At the north end of the island is Elkins Point.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>Gambier Island had a general store (closed about 2010) and one bed and breakfast. Barging companies provide service from Gibsons and Horseshoe Bay for transport of large items. Fire service is run by volunteers. There are no garbage processing facilities on the island. There is a community center.</p><br>
<p>Halkett Bay Provincial Park is located on the southeast side of Gambier.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was named by Captain Richards in 1860 for James Gambier, Admiral of the Fleet who had a distinguished career in the British navy, was a Governor of Newfoundland and served as a negotiator of the Treaty of Ghent ending The War of 1812 between Britain and the United States. Logger Ken Reid cut a 14-foot diameter fir there in</p><br>
<p>the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph&#39;s Catholic Church, also known as St. Joseph Miller Street Catholic Church, is a historic wooden Roman Catholic church located at 1422 Northeast Miller Street in Palm Bay, Brevard County, Florida.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Adjacent to the church is historic Saint Joseph Catholic Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>On December 3, 1987, the church building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>Saint Joseph Catholic Community is still an active parish in Palm Bay. Its main church building is located at 5530 Babcock Street, Northeast. The Miller Street Church continues in use the chapel for the cemetery, which is still active.</p><br>
<h2>Saint Joseph's Catholic Cemetery</h2><br>
<h3>Notable interments</h3><br>
<p>John P. Donohue</p><br>
<p>Samaná Bay is a bay in the eastern Dominican Republic. The Yuna River flows into Samaná Bay, and it is located south of the town and peninsula of Samaná.</p><br>
<p>Among its features are protected islands that serve as nesting sites for pelicans and frigate birds, caves with pre-Columbian pictographs and petroglyphs, and mangrove-lined river tributaries. In the winter, many whales calve in the bay. It is a significant breeding site for the Humpback whale (McCann, 1994, page 11).</p><br>
<p>Samaná Bay lies along the boundary between the North American Plate and the Caribbean plate. Two named fault lines run the length of Samaná Bay. These fault lines form the western terminal of the nineteen degree fault, that runs north of Puerto Rico and most of Hispaniola to form the northern boundary of the Caribbean plate.</p><br>
<p>Adjoining the bay is Los Haitises National Park, which is popular with national and international ecotourist visitors. Samaná Bay also has 4-star hotels.</p><br>
<p>The Franklin Pierce administration instructed a special agent to negotiate a treaty permitting the United States to establish a naval base in Samaná Bay, resulting in an agreement in October 1854. However, the British and French envoys convinced the Dominican government to insert a stipulation that Dominican citizens be treated as white people in the United States, which made it a nonstarter because of the prevailing racism which had to be respected by the U.S. government. Again, in the aftermath of the American Civil War, US Secretary of State William H. Seward formed a plan to purchase or lease Samaná Bay for the United States, which was then seeking bases for its navy in the Caribbean. However, the plan failed - partly due to hostility between Congress and President Johnson. making Congress reluctant to allocate funds for the purpose.</p><br>
<p>The Campbell-Christie House is a historic home that has been relocated to New Bridge Landing in River Edge, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jacob Campbell, a stonemason, constructed a store southeast of the intersection of River Road and the highway leading from Old Bridge to South Church, now Henley Avenue, in New Milford, New Jersey, about the time of his marriage to Altche Westervelt in 1774. It stood on land owned by his father, William Campbell, who kept a tavern on the north side of the road. Private Jacob Campbell served with the Bergen Militia during the American Revolution. His property was damaged during the war, but tax records for 1780 list him as a merchant. After his father’s death in 1793, Jacob sold to Abraham Brower, whose brother, John, a blacksmith, operated a roadside smithy until his death a year later. Blacksmith John D. Christie purchased the house for £250 in 1795 and operated a tavern. When he died in 1836, he bequeathed his residence to son John J. Christie, a farmer. It next passed to Jacob Brinkerhoff Christie, manager of the Comfort Coal & Lumber Company.</p><br>
<p>J. Walter Christie, born here on May 6, 1865, achieved fame as a mechanical genius and inventor. At 16 years of age, he worked on pioneer submarines and developed turret tracks and gun mounts for battleships. He built and raced cars, holding American and world speed records before being severely injured in a crash in 1907. He later invented automotive front-wheel drive, used in the manufacture of fire trucks. but is best known as the “father of the modern tank.” He died at Falls Church, Virginia, in 1944.</p><br>
<p>The Brookchester Land Company made extensive alterations to the house in 1908. To save it from demolition, the Bergen County Historical Society, a non-profit volunteer organization, offered the County of Bergen a 50-year ground lease to move the Campbell-Christie House from New Milford onto its lands in River Edge in 1977 on condition that the Historical Society not only have occupancy of the structure in keeping with its mission, but also the exclusive right to determine its use and historic restoration; in exchange, the County of Bergen agreed to pay utilities and to maintain the house and its mechanical systems in sound condition. Bergen County Freeholder D. Bennett Mazur led efforts to save the Campbell-Christie House, after it had been slated for demolition. With a $150,000 grant, the 200-year-old home was moved two miles from New Milford to BCHS land in River Edge, the area now known as Historic New Bridge Landing, in September 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Bergen County Historical Society furnishes and interprets the Campbell-Christie House as an 18th-century tavern. In 1992, a working replica of a Jersey Dutch Out Kitchen was built behind the house. The Bergen County Historical Society regularly opens all the buildings, including the Campbell-Christie House, at Historic New Bridge Landing for special events in cooperation with the Historic New Bridge Landing Park Commission. The Bergen County Historical Society receives no public operating grants from any public agency (including the County of Bergen or the State of New Jersey), instead relying on membership and donations.</p><br>
<p>Sri Atmananda Memorial School was a private school that for sixteen years  was located in a historic property north and east of the Hyde Park neighborhood of Austin, Texas.</p><br>
<p>The founding director of the school was Pattye Henderson, whose family had previously owned the school site, an historic mansion and 10-acre (40,000 m) campus at 4100 Red River Street in Austin, Texas, originally owned by cotton entrepreneur E.H. Perry and his family. The school was modeled on the Sri Atmananda Memorial School located in Malakara, Kerala, India, named after philosopher and guru Sri Atmanada (P. Krishna Menon).</p><br>
<h2>Campus history</h2><br>
<p>The 10 acre campus location at 4100 Red River Street was owned by cotton entrepreneur E.H. Perry and his family in the early 20th century. In 1928 the family built a 10,800 ft&sup2; home, featuring guest houses, a triangular elevator, a bowling alley, and a sunken garden. The home features a Mediterranean villa style that somewhat resembles buildings at the nearby University of Texas.</p><br>
<p>In 1944 the Perry family moved to the Driskill Hotel and sold the home to Herman Heep. In 1948 the estate opened as a school for the first time, housing St. Marys Academy for Girls, which had been founded in 1874 and moved from its historic downtown location. At that time a chapel, nuns quarters, and other buildings were added. In 1968, the coed Holy Cross High School replaced the girls&#39; academy. In 1974, the land was purchased by the Henderson family, who founded the private Perry School on the site. In the mid-1990s, the land passed to the Sri Atmananda Memorial School. The school closed in 2011 after the property was sold to a new owner.</p><br>
<p>Folk singer Nanci Griffith attended Holy Cross High School together with her friend, Margaret Mary Graham, the subject of Griffiths early song "Theres a Light Beyond these Woods (Mary Margaret).</p><br>
<p>The school site was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Lower Brandon Plantation  is located on the south shore of the James River in present-day Prince George County, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The plantation is an active farm and was tended perhaps from 1607 on, and more clearly from 1614 on, so it is one of the longest-running agricultural enterprises in the United States. It has an unusual brick mansion in style of Palladio&#39;s "Roman Country House" completed in the 1760s, and was perhaps designed by Thomas Jefferson.</p><br>
<p>It was established in 1616 by Captain John Martin, one of the original leaders of the Virginia Colony at Jamestown in 1607. The plantation was owned by the Harrison family for over two centuries, from 1700&ndash;1926. Restored by Robert Williams Daniel in the early 20th century, it is both a National Historical Landmark open to tours and one of America&#39;s oldest continuous farming operations.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Brandon Plantation was part of a 1616 land grant of approximately 7,000 acre on the south bank of the James River to Captain John Martin (1560&ndash;1632). Captain Martin was one of the original colonists and a member of the first Council in the spring of 1607, when Jamestown was first established.</p><br>
<p>Martins new plantation built on the 1616 land grant was initially named "Martins Brandon", apparently incorporating the family name of his wife, Mary Martin (née Brandon), daughter of Robert Brandon, a prominent English goldsmith and supplier to Queen Elizabeth I of England. They had been married in 1586.</p><br>
<p>In 1619, Martins Brandon was one of the plantations represented when what became the House of Burgesses, the first representative legislative body in the English colonies, met at Jamestown. The representatives of Martins Brandon were Thomas Davis and Robert Stacy.</p><br>
<p>During the Indian Massacre of 1622 which occurred on Good Friday, March 22, 1622, there were 7 deaths recorded at Martin&#39;s Brandon, including one woman and two boys. 347 deaths were recorded during the coordinated attacks along both shores of the James River, from the mouth of the river at Newport News Point on Hampton Roads, west to Falling Creek.</p><br>
<p>Captain John Martin died at Martins Brandon Plantation in 1632. His grandson, Captain Robert Bargrave, inherited the plantation on Martins death. In 1637, merchants John Sadler and Richard Quiney and mariner William Barker, who patented the nearby Merchants Hope plantation, bought Martins Brandon. They and their heirs farmed it successfully until 1720 when it was sold to Nathaniel Harrison (1677&ndash;1727).</p><br>
<p>After Nathaniel&#39;s premature death in 1727 it passed to his son Nathaniel Harrison II (1703&ndash;1791). Brandon then came into the possession of American Revolutionary War Colonel Benjamin Harrison (1743&ndash;1807). At his death, the property was divided between his two sons, and Upper Brandon Plantation was created.</p><br>
<p>Brandon Plantation (aka Lower Brandon) remained in the Harrison family until 1926, when it was acquired by Robert Williams Daniel, a Richmond banker. The Daniels undertook the restoration of the house and grounds, and purchased several adjacent tracts of land that were part of the original land grant that had been separated from the estate over the previous three centuries. USA Congressman Robert W. Daniel, Jr. (1936&ndash;2012) inherited the property from his parents.</p><br>
<p>Brandon was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969,</p><br>
<p>The restored manor house was, furnished by the Daniels with 1760s era English and American furnishings. Brandon is still a working farm and the agricultural enterprise is one of the oldest continuous farming operations in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The 4487.5-acre property was sold at auction by the estate of Robert W. Daniel, Jr., on 23 June 2013. In late 2013 the purchase contract with the buyer fell through and the estate was put back on the market with an asking price of $20 million. Midway through 2014, a Florida family purchased it for $17.8 million; soon after acquiring it, the new owners announced their intention to continue the agricultural operation and to occupy the historic manor house for part of the year.</p><br>
<p>Chatfield Reservoir and dam on the South Platte River south of Littleton, Colorado were built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers as a response to the disastrous flood of 1965. In addition to its primary purpose of flood control, it serves as one of many water supply reservoirs for the city of Denver, Colorado. In 1966, the USA Atomic Energy Commission projected a total federal cost of $74 million. Construction of the project was begun in 1967 and the dam was completed in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The massive breastworks of the dam measure approximately 13,136 ft in length with a maximum height of the dam of 147 ft above the streambed. The normal depth of the lake is 47 ft at its deepest point. This means the dam towers 100 ft above the mean surface of the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The lake drains an area of more than 3,000 square miles (8,000 km). The 1,500 acre (6 km) lake has a conservation storage capacity of 27,000 acre.ft with a flood-control pool of over 350,000 acrefeet</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is surrounded by Chatfield State Park, a recreation area with boating, horseback riding and camping. A secondary inflow from the south is Plum Creek. A tertiary inflow from the west is Deer Creek.</p><br>
<p>There are 212 bird species that are frequently found at Chatfield Reservoir. These birds either permanently live there or just go there to rest after long migrations. There is a Chatfield bird watch list that anyone can access. The bald eagle, white pelican and burrowing owl have been seen.</p><br>
<h2>Chatfield Reservoir Reallocation Project</h2><br>
<p>The Chatfield Reservoir Reallocation Project, slated to begin in fall, 2017, will create an additional 20,600 acre feet of water storage in the reservoir, raising its level by about 12 feet. The project will require that some of the surrounding park&#39;s facilities be moved back from the new, higher lake levels.</p><br>
<p>Storm Mountain is a mountain in Alberta&#39;s Rockies, Canada.</p><br>
<p>It is located alongside Highway 40, southwest of the Highwood Pass parking lot in Kananaskis Country, and is part of the Misty Range of the Canadian Rockies. It is identifiable as the tall peak between Mount Arethusa and Mist Mountain at the far south end of the Misty Range.</p><br>
<p>It was named by George Mercer Dawson in 1884, for the storm clouds he saw on the summit.</p><br>
<h2>The "other" Storm Mountain</h2><br>
<p>Dawson also named another peak Storm Mountain, 100 km away on the continental divide that separates Alberta and British Columbia, and Banff National Park and Kootenay National Park, to the northwest. It is unusual for two peaks of such close proximity to share the same name, especially when named by the same individual.</p><br>
<p>Ingapirca  is a town in Cañar Province, Ecuador, and the name of the older Inca ruins and archeological site nearby.</p><br>
<p>These are the largest known Inca ruins in Ecuador. The most significant building is the Temple of the Sun, an elliptically shaped building constructed around a large rock.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This area had long been settled by the Cañari indigenous people, who called it Hatun Cañar. As the Inca Empire expanded into southern Ecuador, the Inca Túpac Yupanqui encountered the Cañari "Hatun Cañar" tribe. He had difficulties in conquering them. He used different political strategies, marrying the Cañari princess and improving the Cañari city of Guapondelig, calling it Tumebamba or Pumapungo (nowadays Cuenca).</p><br>
<p>The Inca and Cañari decided to settle their differences and live together peacefully. The astronomical observatory was built under Inca Huayna Capac. The Inca renamed the city as Ingapirca and kept most of their distinctive customs separately, as the Cañari did theirs. Although the Inca were more numerous, they did not demand that the Cañari give up their autonomy.</p><br>
<p>The castle complex is of Cañari-Inca origin. Its purpose is uncertain. The complex was used as a fortress and storehouse from which to resupply Inca troops en route to northern Ecuador. At Ingapirca they also developed a complex underground aqueduct system to provide water to the entire compound.</p><br>
<p>The Temple of the Sun is the most significant building whose partial ruins survive at the archeological site. It is constructed in the Inca way without mortar, as are most of the structures in the complex. The stones were carefully chiseled and fashioned to fit together perfectly. It was positioned in keeping with their beliefs and knowledge of the cosmos. Researchers have learned by observation that the Temple of the Sun was positioned so that on the solstices, at exactly the right time of day, sunlight would fall through the center of the doorway of the small chamber at the top of the temple. Most of this chamber has fallen down.</p><br>
<p>The people had numerous ritual celebrations at the complex. They prepared gallons of a local fermented drink to consume in the rituals of these festivals. As sun and moon worshipers, they tried to be as close to their gods as possible, and built their monuments high in the mountains.</p><br>
<p>The weather changes rapidly, within minutes, ranging from calm and sunny one minute and rainy, windy, and cold another minute. This climate volatility is typical year round. The people felt strongly that this was the place where the gods had led them, regardless of the climate.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>To visit Ingapirca, travelers can take a day tour from the city of Cuenca. They may also spend the night in the towns of El Tambo or Cañar and travel the next day to the site.</p><br>
<h2>Map</h2><br>
<p>Steel Knotts is a fell in the English Lake District, near to Ullswater in the Far Eastern Fells. It stands between the valleys of Fusedale and Martindale on a ridge running north-south.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>At Wether Hill on the spine of the Far Eastern Fells, a subsidiary spur branches off west to Gowk Hill, before turning north to run parallel to the main ridge. This passes over Brownthwaite Crag (1,456 ft) and the rockier top of Steel Knotts before swinging a little to the east and making a brisk descent to Howtown and Ullswater.</p><br>
<p>The Steel Knotts ridge, also termed Martindale Edge, runs for about two miles in total. To the east is the steep sided valley of Fusedale, its beck forming the boundary of the fell. This flows north to the Lake at Howtown, below the nose of the ridge. There are some crags on this side, particularly at the northern end. The western flank of the fell has shallower gradients at the top before dropping over rough ground to Martindale. The boundary here is made by Howegrain Beck which carries the waters of Bannerdale and Rampsgill Dale to the lake at Sandwick.</p><br>
<p>Running off north west from the top of Steel Knotts is a truncated ridge which falls quickly over Birkies Knott to valley level. Here the Martindale road is crossed at The Coombes before the land rises again to Hallin Fell, overlooking Ullswater from its fine position between Sandwick and Howtown. Topographically Hallin Fell is the true continuation of Steel Knotts, although the eye naturally gives this distinction to the narrow ridge descending to Howtown.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>Steel Knotts has a fine summit pinnacle which is named Pikeawassa. This provides a pleasant little scramble to finish a walk. The view of Martindale is very good with the Helvellyn range also on display.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The fell can be climbed from Howtown or from The Coombes and St Peter&#39;s church at the top of the horseshoes on the Martindale road. The ridge can also be reached just south of the summit from Martindale Old Church, or at Gowk Hill via Fusedale.</p><br>
<p>Grey Friar is a fell in the English Lake District, it is one of the Coniston Fells and is situated 13 kilometres west-south-west of Ambleside. It reaches a height of 770 metres  and stands to the north west of the other Coniston Fells, a little off the beaten track and tends to be the least visited of the group. It is quite a large fell and forms the eastern wall of the Duddon Valley for several kilometres, in fact all drainage from Grey Friar goes to the Duddon Valley and not to Coniston Water.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Coniston (or Furness) Fells form the watershed between Coniston Water and the Duddon valley to the west. The range begins at Wrynose Pass and runs south for around 10 miles before petering out at Broughton in Furness on the Duddon Estuary. Grey Friar is the only major fell in the group not to stand on this main axis, rising to the west of Great Carrs across the depression of Fairfield.</p><br>
<p>Bounded to the north and west by the infant Duddon, Grey Friar has long rough slopes on this side with many small areas of crag. The southern perimeter is formed by Seathwaite Tarn and its attendant streams. The tarn was originally a much smaller waterbody, but was raised early in the 20th century to provide drinking water for the Barrow in Furness area. The dam is almost 400 yards long and is concrete cored with slate buttresses, the resulting depth of the tarn being around 80 ft. Water is not abstracted directly from the tarn, but flows some distance downriver to an off-take weir. Since Grey Friar curves southward, the main ridge stands across the tarn, Brim Fell and the back of Dow Crag forming the opposing slope.</p><br>
<h2>Mining</h2><br>
<p>The fell has been mined for copper extensively in the past. The Seathwaite mine was situated on the southern slopes above Seathwaite Tarn while the Cockley Beck mine stood on the fell&#39;s lower north western slopes. They operated in the mid-19th century and were nowhere near as profitable or extensive as the main Coniston copper mines in the so-called “Coppermines Valley”.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Grey Friar can be climbed from several locations; it is often ascended along with the other six Coniston fells and this walk is usually started at Coniston village. Direct ascents of the fell can be started from the Duddon valley, the top of the Wrynose Pass or Cockley Beck.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of the fell is stony with two cairned rock outcrops, the south easterly is the higher while the north westerly offers the better view. There is a good view of the Scafell massif and the other Coniston fells are well seen along the ridge to the south. 200 metres north west of the main summit is a distinctive pointed rock, often called the “Matterhorn Rock”.</p><br>
<p>Dixmont State Hospital  was a hospital located northwest of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Built in 1862, Dixmont was once a state-of-the-art institution known for its highly self-sufficient and park-like campus, but a decline in funding for state hospitals and changing philosophies in psychiatric care caused the hospital to be closed in 1984. After more than two decades of abandonment, it was finally demolished in 2006. The campus spanned a total of 407 acre. Reed Hall is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early years</h3><br>
<p>The Western Pennsylvania Hospital at Pittsburgh ended its first year of operation in 1853, and it was evident that there were a greater number of patients in jails and almshouses than could be provided for in the 26 beds designated for that express purpose at the hospital. Managers of the hospital used a $10,000 appropriation from the state to purchase a large amount of farmland on a hill overlooking the Ohio River to the north of Pittsburgh in what is now suburban Kilbuck. Planners originally wanted to build the institution in the city, but this idea was rejected by Dorothea Dix. Construction began in 1859, and opened in 1862. A grand ceremony took place on July 19, 1859 where the cornerstone of the Dixmont Kirkbride building was laid in the foundation. A glass jar was placed in the cornerstone containing numerous objects, papers, and a letter from Dorothea Dix herself. Also contained was a copy of her 1845 "Memorial", the 55-page county by county study of the conditions for the mentally ill in Pennsylvania, which had a great part in jump-starting early mental health care reform in Pennsylvania. Unfortunately, when the time capsule was recovered prior to demolition, the jar had broken and many of the contents were in poor condition. The original patient population of the hospital was a meager 113 patients who were transferred from the Western Pennsylvania Hospital in Pittsburgh. Before the 1800s were out, somewhere between 1,200 and 1,500 patients called the hospital home. In 1907, the facility was individually incorporated as the Dixmont Hospital for the Insane after separating from the Western Pennsylvania Hospital system. Dixmont was completely self-sustained from the beginning. It had its own farmlands, livestock, rail station, and post office. Also part of the facility was a water treatment plant, a sewage treatment plant, and electricity generating facilities. They had their own butchers, bakers, farmhands, electricians, laborers, pipe fitters, botanists, chefs, and even a barber and a dentist.</p><br>
<h3>Financial troubles</h3><br>
<p>Like many psychiatric hospitals, Dixmont became overcrowded during the 1920s due to the rise of PTSD patients from World War I. The hospital took in as many patients as they could fit until beds lined the hallways, but was eventually forced to stop accepting new admissions. Dixmont began experiencing financial difficulties as early as the Great Depression where they could only afford to supply employees with room and board; no salary. In 1946, the PA Department of Welfare had to step in and Dixmont became a state-owned hospital. During this time, the hospital began using previously decried procedures such as lobotomies, electro-shock therapy, and use of restraints.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-1970s, Dixmont had reached financial crisis due to the states desire to shut down the hospital. As the concept of deinstitutionalization and use of Thorazine progressed, large state institutions were becoming obsolete and patient numbers decreased rapidly. With the patients rights movement, they were no longer allowed to work for profit, something which had previously generated the hospital revenue. Many of the buildings were in need of renovation, but state funding was scarce. By 1983, several floors of Reed Hall were empty and unused buildings such as the canteen and men&#39;s annex were demolished to prevent fire hazards. In July 1984, the hospital was closed down and the 300 remaining patients were transferred to nearby institutions.</p><br>
<h2>Post-closure and demolition</h2><br>
<p>Shortly after the hospitals closure, several proposals were made to reuse the facilities; the leading bid was St. Johns General Hospital which planned to use the geriatric and infirmary buildings to house a 200-bed nursing home and Reed Hall as independent senior-citizen living. Several proposals were also made to upgrade Dixmont&#39;s sewage treatment plant for use with Kilbuck Township. However, none of these plans came to fruition. From 1985 to 1988, Holy Family Institute leased the Cammarata building as a temporary home after their facility was damaged by fire. In the late-1980s, plans were set in place to build a county jail on the site of Dixmont. However, the proposal was unpopular with local residents and the plan was canceled in 1989. By 1999, time and many fires had left the crumbling building useless, and the State sold the 407 acre property to a private owner. In 2005, a local developer made an agreement to convert the 75 acre of that land that contained most of the buildings and demolition began in preparation for a shopping center that would be anchored by a Walmart Supercenter. Subsequent excavation destabilized the hillside and landslides covered Pennsylvania Route 65 and the Pittsburgh Line railroad tracks on the Ohio River side, shutting them both down for weeks. After numerous complaints by Kilbuck Township residents for fear of another collapse, due to the instability of the "rebuilt" landslide as well as interest in nearby Economy to build a Walmart in order to help revitalize the dilapidated Northern Lights Shopping Center located next door to that proposed Walmart site, Walmart decided not to build on the property on September 26, 2007, and the land will be left to return to nature.</p><br>
<p>Even if Walmart hadnt bought the property, the Hospital wouldve likely been demolished anyway, due to teenagers dangerously trespassing on the property on a regular basis as well as the buildings containing both asbestos insulation and lead paint, both of which have since been outlawed for health reasons, and in the case of asbestos, has been getting removed from buildings since the 1980s. In addition, Pennsylvania law prohibits the state from selling grave sites, so the hospital&#39;s own cemetery, in which many of the patients were buried with simple stones marked only with index numbers, remains state-owned. The purchasers of the Dixmont property own the log book that identifies the markers with each patient and their number and have made the information available.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<h3>Reed Hall</h3><br>
<p>Reed Hall was the main building at Dixmont and was named after the first superintendent of Dixmont, Dr. Joseph A. Reed. It was typical of other Kirkbride facilities with the exception that the outermost wings swept forward instead of to the rear in the typical V-shape. This was to afford a better view of the river valley and better airflow, which was said to be more calming to the patients in keeping with the want of a serene setting. Early on, It had gas lighting, a central hot air system for heat, and more than ample supply of water from the Ohio River. Construction of the west wing was not complete until 1868, at which time construction of the east wing began. The center section of the building contained the front lobby, administrative offices, and chapel. This was mostly destroyed by fire in 1995.</p><br>
<h3>Dietary building</h3><br>
<p>The dietary building was located directly behind Reed Hall and connected through suspended walkways. Built in the early 1900s and designed by Frederick John Osterling, this building contained the main kitchen at Dixmont, the large freezers, and storage areas where food was kept. The cafeteria and auditorium were located on the second floor. Also part of this building were the loading docks, cleaning supplies, and staff quarters on the third floor.</p><br>
<h3>Cammarata Building</h3><br>
<p>The $2 million Cammarata Building was the geriatric center of Dixmont and housed a significant portion of the hospital&#39;s patients towards the final years. Built in 1971, its architecture stylings were modern and sleek compared to the more traditional design of Reed Hall. This building was renovated in 1999 and served as the home to the Glen Montessori School from 2001 until 2012. It is the only building left of Dixmont that still stands today.</p><br>
<h3>Hutchinson Building</h3><br>
<p>The Hutchinson Building was built in 1954 and was named after the hospitals late superintendent. Construction started in 1949, but was brought to a halt when the entire foundation slid down the hill, creating a landslide much like the one that occurred in 2006. The construction site was moved to a different location and the buildings design had to be altered to prevent further sliding. This building contained the intensive care unit, x-ray facilities, a small cafeteria, barber shop, isolation units, physical therapy areas, and observation rooms, and instrument sterilization equipment. Each floor had patient rooms on the ends of the building surrounding a nurses pod, all separated by half-glass walls so the nurses could easily observe all of the patients. Also in this building were the morgue, laboratory, and autopsy unit. Prior to the demolition of Dixmont, the building was assessed to decide whether it could be reused like the Cammarata Building. However, poor drainage had completely flooded the basement and renovation costs were figured to be greater than the value of the building itself, so it was demolished.</p><br>
<h3>Other buildings</h3><br>
<p>At one point, the Dixmont campus contained over 80 structures. However, in an effort to modernize the hospital, many of the unused and obsolete buildings were demolished in 1967. These included the Mens Annex (which housed many of the patients who were trusted with work details in the further reaches of the property), greenhouses, stables, barns, garages, and many cottages. To the left of Reed Hall stood the maintenance building which housed the carpenters, electrical, and machinist shops, as well as a basketball and shuffleboard court on the upper level. The four-story Industrial Arts building (sometimes referred to as the Garment Building) was built in 1933 and allowed patients to manufacture textiles, shoes, and furniture. Behind the Hutchinson building was the Rosenzweig House, an old white house that originally was home to the hospitals superintendents, but was later used as the security office. Near the service entrance on Ohio River Boulevard was the boiler building, reservoir/water treatment building, coal storage building, laundry building, and the iconic smoke stack. A sewage treatment plant was located adjacent to Toms Run and still remains today.</p><br>
<p>Park East Synagogue is located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, in New York City.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Congregation Zichron Ephraim was established by Rabbi Bernard Drachman and Jonas Weil to promote Orthodox Judaism as an alternative to Reform Judaism popular on the Upper East Side.</p><br>
<p>The architects were Schneider and Herter who designed numerous tenements on New Yorks Lower East Side as well as Hells Kitchen neighborhoods. The building is similar to other synagogues built at the time which were in the Moorish Revival style that also featured a prominent Rose Window. One of the most remarkable characteristics is the asymmetrical twin towers with the eastern tower being taller (most other synagogues of the period featured twin towers of similar height). The towers are also adorned differently. Each of the towers originally was also topped by a bulbous dome which has since been removed. It is one of fewer than a hundred surviving nineteenth-century American synagogues.</p><br>
<p>Over the doorway engraved in granite and written in Hebrew is a verse from Psalm 100. "Enter into His Gates with Thanksgiving and into His courts with praise."</p><br>
<p>Rabbi Drachman served as spiritual leader for fifty-one years. He died in 1945. Zev Zahavy was appointed rabbi of the synagogue on September 1, 1952. He was known as a dynamic spokesman for Orthodox Judaism. More than 200 of his sermons were reported on in the New York Times. He and his wife Edith, a noted educator, founded the Park East Day School. On March 16, 1957, Robert Briscoe, the Jewish Lord Mayor of Dublin, carrying his tallis bag, visited and prayed at the synagogue on Shabbos morning.</p><br>
<p>Since 1962, the synagogues rabbi has been Arthur Schneier. The Assistant Rabbi is Benjamin Goldschmidt. Rabbi Harold Einsidler is the religious spiritual organizer and principal of the religious school, his wife Toby is the dynamic office and youth leader. The synagogues Chief Cantor is Yitzchak Meir Helfgot and its Cantor is Benny Rogosnitzky.</p><br>
<p>The Park East Day School now educates children from early childhood through eighth grade. The synagogue building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, Pope Benedict XVI visited the synagogue in the midst of a visit to New York City. This was the third papal visit to a synagogue and the only such visit in the United States of America. The Pope was given a box of matzahs and a silver Seder plate (it was almost Passover when the visit occurred); members of both the Catholic and Jewish religions wore their respective skullcaps.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the synagogue was the subject of international press coverage when members of the synagogue heckled and jeered U.N. Director General Ban Ki-moon as he gave an address in honor of International Holocaust Remembrance Day. In his speech, he called the Holocaust a "colossal crime" and added that he is "deeply disturbed by the massacres in South Sudan, by the continued carnage in Syria, and by the atrocities being inflicted by Daesh and Boko Haram.” Earlier he had criticized Israel&#39;s occupation of the West Bank, and congregants were angry regarding his criticism of Israel, claiming it promoted terrorism. He later repeated his criticism of Israel but added that he in no way condoned terrorism.</p><br>
<h2>Notable members</h2><br>
<p>Bernard Drachman</p><br>
<p>Yitzchak Meir Helfgot</p><br>
<p>Henry H. Minskoff</p><br>
<p>Tamir Sapir</p><br>
<p>Edwin Schlossberg</p><br>
<p>Arthur Schneier</p><br>
<p>Stuart Subotnick</p><br>
<p>Benny Rogosnitzky</p><br>
<p>Griffith Quarry, a registered California Historical Landmark listed on the National Register of Historic Places, was a former granite quarry near Penryn, California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The quarry was established by Griffith Griffith, a native of Wales, in 1864. The quarry produced high-quality granite used to construct many buildings in San Francisco and Sacramento, including parts of the California State Capitol. The 23 acres that surround the 2-story building, made of granite blocks, are the remains of the quarry and its polishing mill. This mill was the first successful granite polishing mill in California.</p><br>
<p>The office of the quarry is now the Griffith Quarry Museum that contains history about the site as well as other local history. Some of the original furniture of the Griffith Quarry is intact.</p><br>
<p>Bobrof Island  is one of the Andreanof Islands subgroup of the Aleutian Islands in southwestern Alaska, US. Bobrof Island is a small, uninhabited island about 9 mi north and west of Kanaga Island, and 7 mi northeast of Cape Sudak on Tanaga Island. Bobrof Island is 2.6 mi long and 1.8 mi wide with an area of 3 square miles, and consists primarily of the 2,421 ft high Bobrof Volcano. The volcanic crater, or cone, has been heavily dissected. Underwater deposits adjacent to the island&#39;s northeast flank suggest an immense debris-avalanche has taken place.</p><br>
<h2>Bobrof Volcano</h2><br>
<p>Bobrof Volcano is an inactive stratovolcano which forms the small Bobrof Island. No recorded eruptions have taken place at Bobrof or in its vicinity. It has been considered as Holocene age.</p><br>
<h3>Geography and geology</h3><br>
<p>Because of the inclusion of Alaska, the United States has the largest number of active volcanoes in the world, many of them geologically young. In Alaska, at least 50 volcanoes, including those in the Aleutian archipelago, have erupted in historical time. Alaska accounts for about 80% of the United States volcanoes, excluding the seamounts in the area, about 8% of the worlds volcanoes, and most of these are located among the Aleutian Islands. The Aleutian Islands arc forms the northern boundary of the Pacific Ring of Fire, where tectonic activity generates earthquakes and volcanic eruptions regularly.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is thought to be of Holocene age. There are lava deposits on the mountain which also suggest activity similar to shield eruptions. No complete publications exist for Bobrof&#39;s definite geology, just those with facts and some information.</p><br>
<p>Kasatochi Island , also known as Kasatochi volcano, is an active stratovolcano and one of the Andreanof Islands subgroup of the Aleutian Islands of southwestern Alaska.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Kasatochi Island is a member of the Aleutian Islands, which lie above a narrow ridge that separates the Bering Sea from the North Pacific. It lies at the Atka Pass northwest of the western tip of Atka Island and east of Great Sitkin Island. It is located at 52.177° N latitude and 175.508° W longitude, with a summit elevation of 314 m (1030 ft.) Kasatochi Island has a land area of 1.9503 sq mi (5.051 km) and currently does not support any consistent human population.</p><br>
<h2>Pre-2008 ecology</h2><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>Kasatochi Island has a unique landscape that makes it an ideal home for many different types of species. Some of these aspects that created such a beneficial habitat reflected strictly on the island&#39;s geology. Prior to 2008, the island was about 3 km in diameter and stood about 314 m high on the most elevated side. The island is steeper to the northern side than the southern side, and slightly north of the center of the island is a steep-walled caldera surrounding a lake.</p><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>Prior to the 2008 eruption, the Kasatochi Island landscape was steep and rugged, home to dense vegetation and different species of flora. With the exception of crater walls and sea-cliffs, nearly the entire island was vegetated with grasses and herbaceous plants.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Kasatochi Island was the home of many different species, but most notable were the populations of diverse seabirds, avian predators and marine invertebrates. Ocean currents, productivity, and the habitable island geology created the ideal conditions for these select groups of fauna. and</p><br>
<p>The island and differentiated itself from many of the others in the Aleutian chain by supporting a large and diverse group of seabirds, most famously for their colony of more than 100,000 crested auklets and 150,000 least auklets, which was one of only seven colonies in the Aleutian chain. Other species included seabirds such as the Fork-tailed petrel, the whiskered auklet, the ancient murrelet, gulls, guillemots, and cormorants. These seabirds attracted many avian predators as well, such as bald eagles and peregrine falcons. The birds of Kasatochi were the dominant vertebrates on the island and the most prominent link between the terrestrial and marine ecosystems.</p><br>
<p>Many other species were present on the island, including various insects, arthropods, and fish. The abundance of fish and various marine life helped support the massive influx of auklets to the island every year. It was also noted for the presence of an endangered Steller sea lion rookery on the north half of the island. Near-shore benches were carved out of lava flows that could have been dated up to hundreds of years earlier. Approximately 1000 Steller sea lions occupied these rookeries before the 2008 eruption.</p><br>
<h2>August 2008 eruption</h2><br>
<p>Prior to 2008, there was little known about the eruptive history or probability of future eruptions on Kasatochi Island. There were no monitoring devices on the island itself, but devices on two nearby islands had indicated detectable seismic activity on Kasatochi for several years. Because of the lack of necessary technology, predicting the following eruption would have been an extremely unlikely feat. Thus, it happened quite rapidly and without much warning.</p><br>
<p>On August 7, 2008, Kasatochi began erupting explosively with an ash plume maintaining an altitude of 35,000 feet and reaching 45,000 feet. The eruption lasted for 24 hours and included "two initial explosive pulses and pauses over a 6-hr period that produced ash-poor eruption clouds, a 10-hr period of continuous ash-rich emissions initiated by an explosive pulse and punctuated by two others, and a final 8-hr period of waning ash emissions."</p><br>
<p>A significant number of people were affected by the 2008 eruption, from both the eruption itself and the secondary consequences. As the eruption became imminent, it forced the only humans present on the island, two biologists from the USA Fish and Wildlife Service, to evacuate. Their research was put to a halt and later replaced with the ongoing research currently present on the island. There were also nearby islands that were affected by the eruption. An ashfall advisory was issued at the time for Adak Island, a populated island residing in the Aleutian chain. Later, up to 6 cm of ash was found on Adak and other neighboring islands, the rest falling into the surrounding sea. At the time there were about 300 people living on the island, and while there were no immediate deaths or injuries, the long-term effects of this population being so close to the eruption are still unknown.</p><br>
<h2>Post-2008 ecology</h2><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>The geological setting of Kasatochi was greatly impacted by the eruption. Where beaches, forests, and soils once existed, there were now meters of deposits from the volcanic ash and flows. The area of the island as a whole was increased by about 40 percent. The area of the crater alone was increased by about 28 percent, and was enlarged laterally by about 300 m. The crater rim was also lowered about 60 m, moving nearer to the lake below. The water level in the lake on Kasatochi significantly decreased following the eruption; however, several streams flowing out of the lower crater walls slowly refilled it. The shoreline surrounding the crater was extended hundreds of meters by pyroclastic deposits, destroying a large amount of the marine habitat that resided near the edge of the island.</p><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>All apparent life on the island appeared to be destroyed after the 2008 eruption. The pyroclastic flows and volcanic ash buried the entire island in deposits, rendering even the soil on the island almost useless. Almost all terrestrial vegetation, including grasses, trees, and herbaceous plants, was destroyed by the high temperatures before being covered, which would become one of the main problems for recolonization on land. Several auklet rookeries that were located below lava flow cliffs were buried by the deposits, along with many of the Steller sea lion rookeries as well. Boulder-filled kelp beds, an important marine habitat surrounding the island, were buried by the pyroclastic deposits that extended the islands shoreline after the eruption.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Directly following the eruption, it was believed that there were no present surviving species on the island. The organisms were either killed or forced to flee as their habitat was destroyed around them. Nearly all of the marine and avian mammal breeding habitat was covered by volcanic ash, including the rookery on the north side of the island for the endangered Steller sea lions that previously resided there. It was not until weeks to years later that species began returning to the island. Approximately 200,000 auklets returned to the island in the summer of 2009, but as their rookeries were still covered with ash, they were not able to be utilized for nesting. Surprisingly enough, sea lions were present on the island up to two weeks after the eruption. While their rookeries had been thickly buried as well, coastal erosion had cleared them by the summer of 2009. Because of the intensity of this natural disturbance and the almost complete devastation of life on Kasatochi right after the eruption, the island became a textbook site for primary succession. Their goal was to find the patterns and reasons for the returning of various species to the island. This was a rare opportunity to study this type of succession, as it is not often that data on an area exists after a disaster of this magnitude. Scientists took this opportunity and started a research project in 2009 to study ecosystem impact and long-term recovery.</p><br>
<h2>Research</h2><br>
<h3>Purpose</h3><br>
<p>Prior to the 2008 eruption, Kasatochi Island was a part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge(ANMWR). The United States Fish and Wildlife Service(USFWS), United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service had studied marine birds and mammals here since 1996, where they learned much about the pre-eruption ecology of the island. The eruption in 2008 basically destroyed all signs of life on Kasatochi. This situation may have seemed similar to many other eruptions throughout history, including Surtsey in Iceland, Krakatau in Indonesia, Usu in Japan, Ksudach in Russia, and Mount St. Helens in the United States. However, the eruption of Kasatochi specifically gave scientists an extremely rare opportunity to study the primary succession of species back onto the island. This opportunity was due to the fact that rarely does such a devastating natural disaster occur in an environment where there had been extensive research on preexisting species and vegetation. By enhancing their understanding of the process on Kasatochi, they hoped to be able to apply gained knowledge to similar situations in the future.</p><br>
<h3>Observations</h3><br>
<p>In the summer of 2009, a team of researchers visited the island to observe and record the immediate consequences of the eruption on all present communities. The eruption had a massive effect on all aspects of the ecosystem, including soils, oceanic water, terrain, terrestrial plants, land, shore, and seabirds, arthropods, marine algae, and marine invertebrates. The goal was to recognize patterns of recolonization for each individual species and see how, if at all, they coincided with each other.</p><br>
<p>There were many apparent patterns researchers noticed after studying the recolonization efforts on Kasatochi. Erosion became noticed as a significant driving force of the redevelopment of the island ecosystem by removing deposits from the slopes. While for an extended period of time the island was considered devoid of plants, the greatest amount of plant diversity later on was found where erosion had removed new material and allowed old soil to come to the surface. In these rare places where soil was exposed, it allowed for the new growth of plants and vegetation. This in turn allowed for the reemergence of nesting sites, encouraging the return of different species of seabirds.</p><br>
<p>Another observation in the field was the surprising existence of "legacies"(remnants of an ecosystem that escape total destruction) on Kasatochi, whose eruption was thought to have destroyed every sign of life down to its soil. This was previously not thought possible in a volcanic eruption of this magnitude. One specific example was the survival of arthropods, as most found during 2009 were either survivors of the disaster or their progeny.</p><br>
<p>One of the greater contributing factors to recolonization on Kasatochi is the different methods of dispersal. These are the methods that are planned to bring back the largest amount of species; however, the survival of these species depends on the ability of the island to stabilize its present ecosystem. At present, it is found that most immigrants(whether by wind, flight, water, etc.) fail to find suitable habitats, so while they are continually being introduced, the majority will die. These dispersal methods will lead to greater species diversity only when the terrestrial habitat stabilizes in response to abiotic and external forces.</p><br>
<p>These few examples of learned patterns by monitoring how the ecosystem of Kasatochi returns to a new equilibrium and comparing the data to similar islands are helping further scientists&#39; understanding of terrestrial-marine interactions and allowing for new knowledge of ecosystem reassembly after a devastating natural disaster.</p><br>
<p>Chacmultun is an ancient Maya site in Mexico&#39;s Yucatan Province that dates to the late Preclassic period. "Chacmultun" means "mounds of red stone" in the Maya language, the site got this name from the distinct red color of the buildings there. It is located 126 km from Mérida.</p><br>
<h2>Ancient Chacmultun</h2><br>
<p>Chacmultun&#39;s most distinguishing feature is the red stone from which its buildings are made. This color was the result of microorganisms living in the stone which turned red when they came into contact with air and water. The site was discovered in the 19th century by the Austrian explorer Teobert Maler, and was excavated in detail during the 1970s. The city center covers one square kilometer. There are four main districts of the city: Chacmultun, Cabalpak, Xetpol and the Central district. These groups of buildings were built on hills or artificial terraces to make them seem more imposing. It is thought that the city had trade links with many other contemporary Maya sites in the area, like Edzna, Oxkintok, Uxmal and Kabah. Some buildings contain preserved Maya murals, which are quite rare. The city reached its peak during the Late Classic period, during the 10th century. The buildings at Chacmultun are designed in the Puuc architectural style, with elaborate friezes decorating the buildings. The site was continuously occupied until the 15th century.</p><br>
<p></text></p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Guruguru Mountain is a solid dome-shaped volcanic rock in Shurugwi, Zimbabwe, near Pakame Mission. Guruguru, its Shona name, and Nkulunkulu, its Ndebele name, both mean "the biggest". It is by far the highest mountain in the Shurugwi Rural Areas and the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe.</p><br>
<p>Guruguru is a solid rock mountain formed when a volcanic eruption pushed lava up through a central core. It has a radius of over three kilometers and a height of over 500 meters. There is a spring of water at its summit. Little vegetation grows on the mountain except near the base.</p><br>
<p>It is seen as a great symbol by the locals; some worshippers go to the mountain to pray, and there is also a local church that baptizes its members in the water from the spring. Tradition holds that certain people can consult their ancestors at the mountain.</p><br>
<p>For many years the cadet pilots in the RRAF (Royal Rhodesian Air Force) would climb it to paint their course number on the top. The tradition was that each course had to paint it tiwice the size of the previous course&#39;s number. For many years they could be read from miles away. It is under Chief Mpakami&#39;s jurisdiction.</p><br>
<p>Pleasant Island is the largest island in the Icy Strait between northern Chichagof Island and the mainland of the Alaska Panhandle. It lies southeast of the mainland city of Gustavus and southwest of the mainland community of Excursion Inlet. Pleasant Island has a land area of 49.192 km² , had no population at the 2000 census, and is reported to be uninhabited as of 2012.</p><br>
<p>Location: The 23,151 acre Pleasant/Lemesurier/Inian Islands Wilderness is located in Icy Strait between Chichagof Island and the mainland on the north end of the Tongass National Forest. The Wilderness is made up of three large islands and a few small islands adjacent to them.</p><br>
<p>Access: The wilderness is accessible by boat, kayak or float plane.</p><br>
<p>Area Description: This grouping of relatively small islands is unique in that the three largest islands are very different in topography, use and character. Pleasant Island is fairly flat and has a mixture of old-growth forest and muskeg. The island has a couple of small lakes that can be hiked to from the shoreline. The island has many beaches friendly to small boats or kayaks and several areas that are used for camping. Pleasant Island is located just a couple of miles from Gustavus, Alaska, and Glacier Bay National Park. Many people kayaking to and from the park stop at Pleasant Island for lunch or a campover.</p><br>
<p>Lemesurier Island, to the west of Pleasant, appears different because it rises out of Icy Strait to 2,180 ft above sea level. The top of the island is not forested like the rest, but is in the sub-alpine. There is one small lake on the south side of the island which can be hiked to from shoreline. There are half a dozen nice beaches around the south and north sides of the island where small boats or kayaks can approach and these coves are also good for camping. There are two small private parcels of land on the south side of this island.</p><br>
<p>The lnian Islands are even further west and are nearest the Pacific Ocean. They receive the high energy seas on the west side, characteristic of the outer coast. This grouping of half a dozen small islands offers refuge to boats from the swells, winds, and tides between the open ocean and Icy Strait. Caution should be used in traveling through the narrow openings between islands. The notorious laundry chute is an appropriate name as your boat can be swiftly drawn through this pass at certain tides. There are also two small private parcels of land on the main island.</p><br>
<p>The Strait is a passageway for a major portion of the water that travels through to the areas of Chatham Strait, Lynn Canal, and beyond. The higher the tides, the more the water moves through. Although this has a disadvantage in planning travel, it is also a key reason there is so much marine life in Icy Strait. This is an excellent place in southeast Alaska to watch for marine mammals. Humpback whales and Orca can be seen in abundance in Icy Strait as well as seals, Steller sea lions, sea otters, and porpoises. An abundance of sea and land birds can also be seen near the shores including murrelets, gulls, terns and bald eagles.</p><br>
<p>The islands host brown bears, Sitka black-tailed deer, marten, mink, land otter, red squirrels, ptarmigan, gray squirrels, and grouse. The lnian Islands were used for fox farms in the 1920s and still provide harbor for commercial fishing vessels.</p><br>
<p>Facilities: There are no public cabins, shelters or maintained trails on the islands</p><br>
<p>Mooselookmeguntic Lake is located in Franklin County and Oxford County, Maine, in the United States. It is part of the Androscoggin River watershed. It is located in the western part of Maine, near the border with the state of New Hampshire and the Canadian province of Quebec. The lake is just a few miles from the Appalachian Trail.</p><br>
<p>Mooselookmeguntic Lake receives water from several sources. The Cupsuptic River flows into Cupsuptic Lake, which is directly connected with the northern part of Mooselookmeguntic Lake. The Rangeley River and Kennebago River both flow into northeastern Mooselookmeguntic Lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s waters flow out to the southeast, into Upper Richardson Lake. There is a dam between the two lakes called "Upper Dam". The dam raised the level of Mooselookmeguntic Lake about 14 feet, causing it to become joined to Cupsuptic Lake forming a reservoir. The two lakes had been separate before the dam was built.</p><br>
<p>Mooselookmeguntic Lakes maximum depth is 132 ft and its surface area is 25.5 square miles. It is the fourth largest lake in Maine. Mooselookmeguntic Lakes elevation is 1,467 feet (447 meters) above sea level.</p><br>
<p>There are two large islands in the southern portion of Mooselookmeguntic Lake called "Toothaker Island" and "Students Island".</p><br>
<h2>River name</h2><br>
<p>The name "Mooselookmeguntic" is an Abnaki word for "moose feeding place&quot although a humorous legend states that a Native American was hunting moose in the area, and spotted one. The native had forgotten to load his rifle, but took the shot anyway. Thinking his rifle was damaged, he began yelling to his companion.</p><br>
<p>Variant names listed by the USGS include "Mooselocmaguntic Lake" and "Mooselookmeguntick Lake".</p><br>
<p>Mooselookmeguntic Lake is tied in third place for longest place name in the United States. It has seventeen letters, along with Kleinfeltersville, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>The lake has a good variety of fish, and is a popular tourist attraction for fishing.</p><br>
<p>Charna Island  is located near Mubarak Goth, Kiamari Town in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Churna Island is a small uninhabited island located in the Arabian Sea, about 9 km west of the mouth of the Hub river, at the boundary between the provinces of Balochistan and Sindh. Charna is approximately 1.2 km long and 0.5 km wide. Charna is also locally known "Cheerno". It is 6 km away from Mubarak Village. Fishermen of Mubarak Goth go for fishing near the Charna Island. There are many species of fish, crabs and lobsters. Anglers take boats to go Island from Mubarak Goth. Mubarak Goth is a second largest fishermen locality in Karachi, which lacks facilities including education, health, jetty, ownership rights and communication etc."</p><br>
<p>Churna is mostly used as a firing range by the Pakistan Navy. It is famous for water sports such as for scuba diving, freediving, underwater photography, hiking, speed boating, kneeboarding, wake Tubing, banana tubing, jet skiing, cliff diving and snorkelling.</p><br>
<p>Marine life around Charna includes poisonous sea snakes, barracuda, narrow-barred Spanish mackerel, cobia, Dorado, Tuna, angel fish, sea urchin, sea fan, oyster, ray fish and rare green turtle. Pakistan Game Fishing Association (PGFA) holds national angling competitions near Charna. It is the presence of coral reefs around this island that attracts the number of big game fish around it. However, illegal net sizes used by fishing trawlers are destroying this natural treasure.</p><br>
<p>The area surrounding Charna is popular for scuba diving because of the presence of widely varied marine life and different kinds of coral reef. Some claim that "there are more than 60 types of corals found near Charna waters and many new corals started to flourish after the 2005 Indian Ocean tsunami. It also boasts of jellyfish that are found in large numbers during October. The environment is especially popular for being peaceful and clean."</p><br>
<p>High Raise is a fell in the English Lake District, standing to the west of Haweswater Reservoir in the Far Eastern Fells. Note that another High Raise is the highpoint of the Central Fells.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>High Raise is on the main north-south spine of the Far Eastern Fells between Wether Hill and Rampsgill Head. Its eastern slopes drop to Haweswater and its western flank is the steep scree-lined side of Rampsgill.</p><br>
<p>The main ridge north to Wether Hill passes over the two intermediate tops of Raven Howe (2,345 ft) and Red Crag (2,332 ft), before dropping to the depression of Keasgill Head. This ridge is grassy but quite narrow and carries the High Street Roman road. There is a small tarn to the south of Red Crag. In the other direction the ridge turns a little westward across a narrow depression to Rampsgill Head.</p><br>
<p>East of High Raise, about half a mile away, is its companion Low Raise (2,473 ft). This broad top carries a tumulus of bleached stones, some of which have since been used to form a cairn and wind shelter. The stones do not appear native to their location. East of Low Raise the craggy bowl of Whelter Crags is gouged out of the hillside above the reservoir. Two ridges run north and south around it to the shore. The more extensive north-east ridge, Long Grain, curves around between Measand Beck and Whelter Bottom. Its top begins as a wide plateau before giving way to crags above Haweswater. The south-east ridge gradually narrows, becoming rockier before taking a final plunge over Castle Crag. This is the site of an ancient hill-fort and some earthworks are just about discernible. South of this ridge, separating it from Kidsty Pike, is Randale.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of High Raise is stony, particularly in comparison to its neighbours, and a large cairn has been raised up a few yards east of the Roman road. The views westward provide a fine Lakeland panorama.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Ascents can be made from Martindale to the north or from Mardale via the south east and north east ridges. High Raise can also be climbed as part of a longer walk from Patterdale, Hartsop or Bampton, but other fells need to be ascended first. There are few good paths on the fell, other than the High Street. This is due in part to the loss of Mardale Green village when the lake was raised in the mid 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Sunset Heights is a historic area in El Paso, Texas; which has existed since the latter part of the 1890s. Many wealthy residents have had their houses and mansions built on this hill. Although some buildings have been renovated to their former glory but many have been neglected and have deteriorated. An organization, the Sunset Heights Improvement Association helps neighbors on a fixed income to manage home maintenance and also sponsors an annual tour.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Fisher Satterthwaite first started purchasing land in the area in the 1880s and by 1885 had built 90 houses. The area was known as the "Satterthwaite Addition" while he owned the land. Satterthwaite lost the land he&#39;d built in 1894.</p><br>
<p>The name, "Sunset Heights," was given to the area in 1901, after the El Paso Herald held a contest for the best name for the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Some buildings in Sunset Heights have remnants of tunnels underneath them which may have been started in the early 1900s. Some tunnels, including ones found under El Paso High School, may have been used to smuggle Chinese workers who were banned from the United States because of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. One of the best-known tunnels is underneath the Turtle House in Sunset Heights.</p><br>
<p>During the 1910 Mexican Revolution many affluent Mexicans fled Mexico and settled in Sunset Heights. During the Mexican Revolution, a widely popular Mexican revolutionary leader, Doroteo Arango (as known as Francisco "Pancho" Villa), owned and resided in this area during the 1910s. In 1915, a house designed by Trost & Trost in Sunset Heights was used as a meeting place for General Hugh Scott and Pancho Villa.</p><br>
<p>Until around the time of the Great Depression, Sunset Heights was a fashionable neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood was designated as a historic district in 1984, with the help of John Karr. In 2003, the Sunset Heights Neighborhood Association started giving tours of historic areas and homes called the Sunset Heights Tour.</p><br>
<h2>Cityscape</h2><br>
<p>Sunset Heights is about one mile, and one and half miles across. Because of the historic designation of the neighborhood, residents must adhere to a building code. Blocks in the neighborhood are of different shapes. Houses are designed in various styles including American Foursquare, Tudor Revival, Classical Revival, Queen Anne and Spanish Colonial Revival.</p><br>
<p>Interstate 10 serves as the southern and western border for the neighborhood. Schuster Avenue cuts it off to the north and Mesa Street is the eastern boundary.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Victoriano Huerta (under house arrest)</p><br>
<p>Olga Bernstein Kohlberg</p><br>
<p>Pascual Orozco (under house arrest)</p><br>
<p>Henry Trost</p><br>
<p>Pancho Villa</p><br>
<p>Sveti Andrija  is an island in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea. It is part of Elaphiti Islands archipelago, Dalmatia and is situated 6 nmi from Dubrovnik, 3 nmi from Koločep, 2 nmi from Lopud and 4 nmi from Šipan. The island is 475 m long, and its maximal width is 1,300 m, length of shore is 1,130 m. Total area of the island is 53,757 m&sup2, and height is 57 m.</p><br>
<p>The shores of the island are rocky and inhospitable. The western part of the island is covered with pine forest and various Mediterranean growth. Vegetation on the rest of the island is low lying, mainly bushes. Owing to numerous birds, the island was declared an ornithological reserve.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The patrician family Crijević from Dubrovnik built Benedictine monastery on the island in the 15th century. The monastery was remote and isolated and during time it was used for various purposes. For some time, it was used as quarantine for inhabitants of island of Lopud. The monastery was destroyed during the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake.</p><br>
<h2>Lighthouse</h2><br>
<p>During 1873 a lighthouse was built on the island, financed by the Austro-Hungarian government. A two-storey house was built, with a masonry tower in the centre. The building has area of 210 m&sup2, and a lantern room with a gallery is fitted at the top of the 17 m tower. The optic is a clamshell Fresnel lens. At a height of 69 m above sea level, the light is visible from a distance of 24 nmi, making it one of strongest lights in Adriatic Sea.</p><br>
<h2>Famous people on Sveti Andrija</h2><br>
<p>In the 16th century, Mavro Vetranović Čavčić, a famous poet from Dubrovnik lived on the island as a monk. About this time on the island he wrote in his poem "Remeta".</p><br>
<p>Ludovik Crijević Tuberon, a historian from Dubrovnik lived there at the end of 15th century.</p><br>
<h2>Legend connected with Sveti Andrija</h2><br>
<p>A young girl, Mare, lived with three brothers on island of Lopud. Her friend Cvijeta had a brother Niko who was very interested in Mare. The brothers were fishing one night and from the stormy sea they rescued a shipwreck victim, the young patrician "Ivan". He was from an influential noble family from Dubrovnik. He was sick and Mare nursed him. They fell in love, but their love was forbidden because they came from different classes. Ivan tried his best to obtain permission from his father but without any success. Disappointed, he quit ordinary life and become a monk on the island of Sveti Andrija. Mare learned about that and went to island to see her beloved. She repeated her visits more and more often, sometimes swimming from Lopud. At the end of the summer days Sveti Andrija was not clearly visible from Lopud any more. To solve this situation of declining visibility, Ivan had the duty to light a lantern on the rock and wait for Mare, while she swam towards the signal.</p><br>
<p>Niko and her brothers found out and together they decided to get revenge. One evening Mare was swimming towards Sv. Andrija and Niko and her brothers were following her. When night came they lit a lantern in their boat and started rowing towards open sea. Mare was following the light further and further away. Ivan was waiting that night and then the next night and then the next. The third night the sea threw her body on the rocks. After that Ivan remained all his life in the monastery.</p><br>
<p>Sveti Andrija , often called Svetac  is an island in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea. It is situated 14 nmi from Komiža . It is uninhabited, although it used to have permanent residents. Remains of Byzantine origin can be found on the island. The population census on Svetac from 1951 was around 60, most of these people are now deceased. All were members of Zanki family who came on the island 260 years ago . The last one of the group who lived there all year round was Antonija Zanki, an elderly woman who died in 2000. Now members of Zanki family effectively live there four to six months a year, still keeping up the houses of their grandfathers, fishing, making famous red wine and olive oil. Most of members of Zanki family who own this, biggest private island in Adriatic, live in Komiža now . Taking the fact that island is in open seas, without any natural protected bay, gives even greater respect to members of this family who managed to survive there for centuries, and furthermore created a special kind of living, especially today.</p><br>
<p>Near the west coast of the island there is the small island of Kamik, and farther on the open sea there is the volcanic island called Jabuka. About 2.5 km</p><br>
<p>to the southeast there is the small volcanic island of Brusnik.</p><br>
<p>The island is a breeding ground for a small number of Eleonora&#39;s falcons, a rare bird with only c. 80 nesting pairs estimated to live in Croatia. The falcons migrate to Madagascar every September and return to their nests in April.</p><br>
<p>Crveni Otok, also called Sveti Andrija  is an island in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea. It is situated near Rovinj and connected with neighbouring islet of Maškin with an embankment. Its area is 0.144 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was probably inhabited in prehistory. In the 6th century, Benedictines built a monastery on the island. The Benedictines left the island in the 13th century and in the 15th century it was taken over by Franciscans who renovated the church and the monastery. In 1809, the island was conquered by France, and in 1892 a cement and lime factory was built on the island using the church tower as a chimney.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>According to statistics it has a current, reported population of 1 person.</p><br>
<p>Purgatory Brook is a 5.8 mi long tributary of the Souhegan River in southern New Hampshire. It rises in a marshy area on the border of Lyndeborough and Mont Vernon, and flows south over three small waterfalls, intersecting the Souhegan in Milford. For much of its length, it constitutes the border between Lyndeborough and Mont Vernon.</p><br>
<p>Mont Vernon town histories say it is unclear where the name "Purgatory" came from. At least one other brook with the same name exists in nearby Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The northernmost cascade, Upper Purgatory Falls, drew many visitors in the late 19th and early 20th century, when Mont Vernon was home to a number of hotels that drew summer visitors from the heat of Boston. At one time the area had a dance hall and a bowling alley, as well as camping sites - none of which exist today. Also there used to be railings, and evidence of these are still visible as metal poles. Townwide celebrations drew hundreds of people up through the Great Depression, according to Mont Vernon town histories.</p><br>
<p>Today the upper falls can only be reached on the Mont Vernon side by four-wheel drive vehicles, and on the Lyndeborough side by a short walk from a town-maintained road. The lowest waterfall can only be reached by a short hiking trail. The middle waterfall can be reached along a public trail, the length of the brook.</p><br>
<p>Kuk Swamp is an archaeological site in New Guinea, that lies in the Wahgi Valley of the highlands. The swamp developed in a former lake basin, as it was filled by an alluvial fan or deposits of water-transported material. Archeological evidence for early agricultural drainage systems was found here, beginning about 9,000 years ago. It includes draining ditches of three major classes, which were used to convert the area to an anthropogenic grassland. The native crop taro was grown here.</p><br>
<p>In addition, evidence of cultivation of bananas and sugar cane has been found, estimated to have begun 6,900 – 6,400 years ago. The Kuk Swamp was recognized in 2008 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It was one of the places in the world where people independently developed agriculture.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The Kuk creek is believed to flow through the entirety of the fan to a catchment in the lower hills of the south region. Some channels were built to carry the water past the reach of the fan. If these channels were blocked, as evidence suggests, the area would develop as a swamp, diverting the water into smaller distributary channels. Evidence for early agricultural drainage systems was found here, beginning about 9,000 years ago. Features such as pits, postholes, and runnels have been found at the site, indicating evidence of early agriculture. Such features are consistent with planting, digging and tethering of plants.</p><br>
<p>In addition, evidence has been found of irrigation draining ditches, dating back to 9,000 years ago. A number of plants, including taro were grown, at what would have been the edge of its cultivable limit in the highlands. These ditches can be divided into three types: major disposal channels, large field ditches, and small field ditches. The major disposal channels were built to divert water from the fan flowing south and direct them toward the northeast areas. The large and small field ditches are more uniform, surrounding the perimeter of the planting areas. They connect with the major disposal channels. During this time, the people of Kuk Swamp transformed their landscape into an anthropogenic grassland suitable for agriculture.</p><br>
<p>During archaeological excavation of the drainage channels, researchers found artefacts including wooden digging sticks, a grindstone, and other small items. The ditches were cleaned out, and a small trench was dug to study the different layers of clay used to construct the ditches. These different layers suggest that the ditches were deliberately constructed by people.</p><br>
<p>Dated to 6,900 – 6,400 years ago, additional archaeobotanical evidence has been found showing the cultivation of bananas and sugar cane. Many banana phytoliths have been found in the cultivation plots of Kuk Swamp. Since bananas do not produce phytoliths in the same quantity and frequency as grass and other plants, researchers have concluded that the abundance of banana phytoliths found in a managed grassed landscape between 6950 and 6550 years ago suggests deliberate planting. The bananas grown at Kuk Swamp were Eumusa bananas, which developed as the most significant and largest group of banana domesticates. This makes Kuk Swamp one of the earliest sites in the world for the development of agriculture.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, Kuk Swamp was listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.</p><br>
<p>The Norfork Tailwater is the segment of the North Fork River below Norfork Dam in north central Arkansas. Near Salesville, Arkansas, the Norfork Tailwater is about 4.8 mi long and stretches from the dam below Lake Norfork to the White River. The Norfork Tailwater is home to brown, rainbow, cutthroat, and brook trout, as well as other fish. A trout hatchery  near Quarry Park keeps the tailwater stocked with trout, while the dam’s cold water output provides suitable habitat for these cool-water game fish.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The tailwater can be accessed in a few locations. Access is free below the dam from Highway 177. There are also a few private boat ramps and other properties that can be used to access the river with permission.</p><br>
<h2>2008 Flood</h2><br>
<p>On April 10, 2008, the Army Corp of Engineers opened the dam floodgates. The mass of water changed the river&#39;s depth in some places, and boaters and waders should use caution.</p><br>
<p>Holy Trinity Episcopal Church, a historic Carpenter Gothic church located at 2201 Spring Lake Road, in Fruitland Park, Florida, is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As Dorothy Goodnoh Paddock noted in the Forward of In the Beauty of Holiness—a History of Holy Trinity Church, the history of Holy Trinity is a story "of sturdy faith, stable tradition and spirited optimism".</p><br>
<p>Holy Trinity&#39;s ministry started in 1886, when much of Florida was still very much pioneer country. Throughout the 1880s, many groups of settlers from the British Isles came to Central Florida to seek their fortunes.</p><br>
<p>One such group of about 80 Englishmen put together by Grenville Chetwynd Stapylton, head of Stapylton & Company, settled on 160 acre of land around what is now Zephyr Lake in Fruitland Park. The land had been purchased from Henderson Tanner, a freed slave, for $250. The settlers built a large boarding house on the lake called Zephyr Hall, as well as a large stable. They reportedly enjoyed a carefree bachelor lifestyle, complete with dances, parties, horse-racing and hunting. Rumor even had it that some of the younger men were becoming too carefree and in need of a sobering influence.</p><br>
<p>As noted in Holy Trinity&#39;s original Vestry minute book: "The want of an Episcopal Church and clergyman in the English Colony... had been for some time felt, and a movement had been made to obtain subscriptions to erect a church in the colony." Their efforts to raise funds for a church were successful and Holy Trinity Church was constructed in 1888 for $2150.</p><br>
<p>The construction style, known as "Florida" or "carpenter" gothic, was a modification of an English style adapted to the materials and conditions of the time and area. Sturdy and well constructed, the church remains in service to this day.</p><br>
<p>In 1889, a Lych-Gate was added to provide a resting place for the bier and pall-bearers before the clergyman accompanied the funeral procession to the burial site. Similar to those found in Anglican and European churchyards, it is one of only two in Florida.</p><br>
<p>During the next 116 years, Holy Trinity would experience many ups and downs, just as the State of Florida and its citizens did. But through the hard economic times, especially those brought on by the citrus freezes, Holy Trinity&#39;s doors remained open.</p><br>
<p>In August 1952, the Church Vestry and Guild voted to take whatever steps "were necessary for this mission to become a parish" That goal was realized nearly 13 years later when Holy Trinity Church was received into full parish status during the May 1965 Diocesan Convention.</p><br>
<p>In recognition of its architectural and historical significance and to help encourage its preservation, the Church was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 30, 1975.</p><br>
<p>Holy Trinity took a major step in January 2005 in reshaping its future when it established All Saints Chapel, a second worship site along the rapidly growing Highway 27 corridor between Leesburg and Clermont. The new chapel has been growing steadily since its first service, Easter Sunday 2005.</p><br>
<p>St. Mary&#39;s Episcopal Church is an historic Carpenter Gothic church located at 400 St. Johns Avenue in Green Cove Springs, Florida. On February 17, 1978, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Marys was organized in 1878 as a mission church of the Episcopal Diocese of Florida. Green Cove Springs was a popular winter resort at the time, and a woman from Boston who spent her winters there wrote to Bishop John Freeman Young asking that a chapel be built to serve the towns seasonal guests.</p><br>
<p>Winter visitors and year-round residents together raised more than $1,000 to build the church on a donated lot valued at $500. The first service was held on March 10, 1879.</p><br>
<h2>Stained-Glass Windows</h2><br>
<p>The church&#39;s stained-glass windows came from Colgate Studio in New York City, one of the earliest stained-glass studios in the United States. The windows were created by Henry E. Sharp and are among the earliest examples of American-designed and manufactured stained glass in Florida.</p><br>
<p>The windows cost $1,100 when the church was built. In the windows behind the altar, three beatific women represent the virtues of St. Mary: faith, charity and hope. The angel Gabriel is in the center of the rose window above the altar.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>In 2012 parishioners in the 150-member congregation made memorial donations to restore the 18 stained-glass Lancet windows on the east and west sides of the church. The church received a $22,500 state historic preservation grant in 2013 to complete restoration of the windows. The state grant was matched by an anonymous donor.</p><br>
<p>The restoration will include cleaning the windows, re-stenciling and re-leading them if necessary, and repairing the framework supporting the windows. The stained glass also will be covered in clear Lexan thermoplastic that is resistant to ultraviolet light and is ventilated to reduce moisture and sun damage.</p><br>
<h2>National Register listing</h2><br>
<p>St. Mary&#39;s Church</p><br>
<p>added 1978 - Building - #78000933</p><br>
<p>St. Johns Ave., Green Cove Springs</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Event, Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Lewis, Lawrence & Adams</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Gothic Revival</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Religion, Exploration/Settlement, Architecture</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1875-1899, 1925–1949</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>The Middleburg United Methodist Church, formerly known as the Methodist Episcopal Church at Black Creek, is an historic church in Middleburg, Florida. It is located at 3925 Main Street. On March 9, 1990, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Current Functions</h2><br>
<p>Part of the Florida Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church, Middleburg UMC is still growing to this day with a new contemporary worship service (with full Praise Band), a sister church in Mayorkin, Cuba and a new Family Life Center. Lighthouse Christian School (of Jacksonville, FL) now utilizes the Family Life Center on weekdays as their newest K-12 school campus.</p><br>
<h2>Contact Online</h2><br>
<p>Church Website:</p><br>
<p>Youth Group&#39;s Website:</p><br>
<p>Facebook Page: - Friends of Middleburg United Methodist Church</p><br>
<h2>National Register listing</h2><br>
<p>Methodist Episcopal Church at Black Creek</p><br>
<p>(added 1990 - Building - #90000318)</p><br>
<p>Also known as Middleburg United Methodist Church</p><br>
<p>3925 Main St., Middleburg</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Event, Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Barthlow, Charles F.</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Other</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Architecture, Exploration/Settlement</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1850-1874</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Funerary, Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Cemetery, Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Funerary, Religion</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Cemetery, Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>St. Margaret&#39;s Episcopal Church and Cemetery is an historic Carpenter Gothic church and cemetery located at 6874 Old Church Road in Hibernia, on Fleming Island, near Green Cove Springs, Florida, in the United States. On June 4, 1973, the church and its cemetery, which is also known as the Hibernia Cemetery, were added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>National Register listing</h2><br>
<p>St. Margaret&#39;s Episcopal Church and Cemetery (added 1973 - Building - #73000570)</p><br>
<p>Also known as FMSF CL22; Hibernia Cemetery FMSF CL531</p><br>
<p>6874 Old Church Rd., Hibernia</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Event, Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Unknown</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Late Gothic Revival</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Exploration/Settlement, Architecture, Art</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1800-1824, 1825–1849, 1850–1874, 1875–1899, 1900–1924, 1925–1949</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Funerary, Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Cemetery, Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Funerary, Religion</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Cemetery, Religious Structure</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The old chapel is among the 5 oldest wooden churches still standing and in use in Florida.</p><br>
<p>There is some irony with this chapel/church. Margaret Fleming financed the building of this church. She died shortly before its completion in 1878 and the first service in it was her funeral, just before the construction was completed.</p><br>
<p>Her Father-in-Law, George Fleming (1760–1821) immigrated from Ireland and settled in the late 18th century on what is now referred to as Fleming Island, just south of Orange Park and Jacksonville, FL. (And across the St. Johns River from the Bartram Trail). He and his wife (Sophia Fatio) tended orange groves and other crops on their plantation. George Fleming named his island plantation Hibernia, the Latin word for Ireland, in honor of his island home country. The 1,000 acre island property was gained by a land grant from the Spanish.</p><br>
<p>The land had previously been cleared and planted, but had been abandoned. The property was on the west bank of the St. Johns River and was therefore in what was called “Indian Florida”. Land to the east of the river was called “Spanish Florida”.</p><br>
<p>George Fleming’s grave is the oldest grave recorded in the church cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The elder Fleming left the plantation to his son Lewis. Lewis married Augustina Cortes, descendant of Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes. Augustina died during childbirth in 1832 leaving Lewis alone to raise their three children.</p><br>
<p>Lewis married Margaret Seton in 1837. She was a devout Episcopalian. They built a plantation home in 1845 that became known as the "Great House" (previous homes had been burned by local Indians).</p><br>
<p>After Lewis&#39; death in 1862, Margaret was the overseer of the plantation. During the civil war, Union Officer Guy Henry forced Margaret and the children to vacate the "Great House". After the war, Margaret returned to the Great House and continued to oversee the plantation. To supplement revenues for the suffering plantation, Margaret opened her home as a bed and breakfast to the tourists that traveled the St. Johns River.</p><br>
<p>Margaret would educate and teach scripture to her slaves and plantation workers in the sitting room of the Great House. As her congregation grew, Margaret needed more space, thus began construction of the chapel in 1875.</p><br>
<p>Margaret died in 1878 just before the chapel was complete. The first ceremony held in the yet unfinished chapel was Margaret&#39;s funeral service. In 1880, the church was moved to its current location, only a few feet from where Lewis and Margaret are buried.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>In 2005, St. Margarets Parish dedicated a new 450-seat church building near the old building. Due to changes in church leadership and a steadily declining membership, St. Margarets Church closed its doors in the Spring of 2012. The chapel sits empty and the main church is being leased by a fundamentalist group.</p><br>
<p>Foscagno Pass   is a high mountain pass in the Alps in the province of Sondrio, northern Italy.</p><br>
<p>The road (SS 301) connects Bormio in the east and Livigno in the west.</p><br>
<p>This route also includes the subsidiary Eira Pass (Passo dEira) (2209 m) which lies between the Foscagno Pass and Livigno itself. Here lies the village of Trepalle, part of Livigno municipality, and one of Europes highest inhabited parishes.</p><br>
<p>Although both sides of the pass are in the same country, Italy, you are required to pass through customs at the top. This is due to the duty-free status of Livigno.</p><br>
<p>The pass is located on the main alpine watershed. Water on the north side of the pass flows down into the Inn and Danube, whereas water on the south side flows down into the Adda and Po.</p><br>
<p>Camp William Penn was a Union Army training camp located in Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania from 1863 to 1865, notable for being the first training ground dedicated to African American troops who enlisted in the United States Army during the American Civil War. Some 11,000 free blacks and escaped slaves were trained here, including 8,612 from Pennsylvania, the most black troops recruited during the war from any northern state.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, many freed blacks stepped forward to fight in the army. Thousands of ex-slaves and free blacks displayed a desire to prove they were citizens, like the soldiers currently fighting the war. Often blacks who enlisted were treated rudely and were turned away. Camp William Penn became the "training camp for colored troops enlisted into the United States Army."</p><br>
<p>From the collection of the National Archives and Records Administration.</p><br>
<p>The family of Lucretia Mott, an abolitionist and womens rights advocate, leased land they owned to the Federal government so that a training camp could be established there. This parcel was located in Chelten Hills in Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania, just outside the city limits of Philadelphia. Originally, the camp was to be named after Lincolns Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton, but, when final plans were approved, the camp was named William Penn.</p><br>
<p>All of the troops at Camp William Penn were black volunteers who came from a number of states. Lt. Col. Louis Wagner, who was recovering from wounds received at the Battle of Chancellorsville, volunteered to take command of the camp in early 1863. The camp was the largest federal training facility for African-American soldiers. The camp, which was fully operational by July 4, 1863, served as the training ground for eleven regiments, nearly 11,000 men, in its two years of existence.</p><br>
<p>Local antagonists closely observed the activities at Camp William Penn. Many worried that black recruits might defy government authority. When Frederick Douglass entered the grounds to speak with the black recruits, he observed some disturbing activities. Douglass noted black recruits being punished for various military infractions and was deeply disturbed. Many of these recruits were men who already bore the scars of slavery. Douglass told the troops: "You are a spectacle for men and angels. You are in a manner to answer the question, can the black man be a soldier? That we can now make soldiers of these men there can be no doubt."</p><br>
<p>Because of continuing racism, the black troops were not treated equally. Many soldiers complained of harsh treatment. Still, Camp William Penn symbolized an advancement of importance for African-Americans. Although the white community seemed to lack tolerance for the soldiers, Colonel Wagner insisted that his black soldiers ignore segregationist policies. Confederate soldiers hated commanders of black regiments and when black troops were taken prisoner, the commanders were often executed with their men.</p><br>
<p>Famed black artist David Bustill Bowser designed and painted the regimental flag of the 6th Regiment United States Colored Troops, who trained at the camp. The flag depicted "the Goddess of Liberty holding a flag while exhorting a freedman dressed as a soldier to do his duty." He also designed the flag of the 45th United States Colored Infantry Regiment. The regiment&#39;s flag shows an image depicting an African American soldier, representing the 45th United States Colored Troops, standing next to bust statue of George Washington.</p><br>
<p>The Goose Island, part of the Badger Group within the Furneaux Group, is a 109 hectare unpopulated elongated granite island, located in Bass Strait, lying west of the Flinders and Cape Barren islands, Tasmania, south of Victoria, in south-eastern Australia.</p><br>
<p>The Goose Island lighthouse is at the narrow southern end, and is a conservation area. The island is also part of the Chalky, Big Green and Badger Island Groups Important Bird Area.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>There are patches of the introduced noxious weed African boxthorn at the wider northern end of the island. Otherwise the flora is dominated by mats of Aizoaceae succulents, Poa and Stipa, with some Acacia and Leptospermum woody plants.</p><br>
<p>Recorded breeding seabird and wader species are little penguin, short-tailed shearwater, Pacific gull, silver gull and sooty oystercatcher. Reptiles present include the metallic skink and spotted skink.</p><br>
<p>The La Grange Church and Cemetery is a historic Carpenter Gothic church and cemetery in Titusville, Florida, United States. It is located at 1575 Old Dixie Highway. On December 7, 1995, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>National Register listing</h2><br>
<p>La Grange Church and Cemetery</p><br>
<p>(added 1995 - Building - #95001413)</p><br>
<p>Also known as FMSF# 8DR454*</p><br>
<p>1575 Old Dixie Hwy., Titusville</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Architecture/Engineering, Event</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Mims, B.J., et al., Feasterr, J.N. & J.C.C.</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Architecture, Social History</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1875-1899, 1900–1924, 1925–1949</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Funerary, Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Cemetery, Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Funerary, Vacant/Not In Use</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Cemetery</p><br>
